1. ORGANIZING LIFE’S DIVERSITYBy
Dawn M. Thompson

2. TRY THIS!! Why do you have two names?
Choose a first name you hear often. Make a list of all the people you know with that name.
Can you see why a two name system is needed?

3. WHY ARE THINGS GROUPED?
Things in everyday life are grouped according to similarities.
Where would you find cookies and coke in the grocery store?
How are books arranged in the library?
How are you clothes stored at home?
Grouping puts things in order so they can be easily found and shows that the things have certain traits in common.

4. What is biological classification?
Grouping of organisms based on similarities.
Taxonomy - branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on similarities.
Taxonomists study taxonomy.

5. Why Classify Organisms?
Creates order saving time and energy
Shows how organisms are alike
+/-10 millions species on Earth

6. EARLY CLASSIFICATION

7. Aristotle’s system Greek philosopher 384-322 B.C.
Grouped plants as trees, shrubs or herbs depending on size and structure.
Grouped animals depending upon where they lived, air, water or land.
Obvious problems with system – what problems can you think of?

8. Linnaeus’s system Swedish botanist 18th century
Grouped organisms into two groups according to specific physical and structural similarities.
The two major groups – kingdoms were plants and animals.
Organisms with the same traits were put into the same smaller group and called a species.

9. Binomial nomenclature:
Linnaeus also devised a two part naming system – binomial nomenclature
Genus species
Homo sapiens
Latin, seldom change.
Italics or printed and underlined
Reduces confusion created by common names
Turdus migratorius
Erithacus rubecula

10. Today seven groups (taxons) are used to classify an organism.
CLASSIFICATION TODAY
Today seven groups (taxons) are used to classify an organism.

11. Taxonomic rankings:
Kingdom (least amount of similar characteristics, large# )
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most similar characteristics, small #)
Kids
Play
Cards On
Friday
Going
Ski-ing

12. Feline Family Members:

13. Classifying a House Cat

14. COMPARING A HOUSE CAT AND A DEER.

15. COMAPRING A HOUSE CAT AND A LION

16. COMPARING A HOUSE CAT AND AN OCTOPUS

17. DETERMINATION OF EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

18. Structural similarities
Shared physical characteristics indicates different species may have evolved from a common ancestor.
Cat family all have retractable claws.

19. Breeding behavior
Similar animals having different breeding patterns are two separate species.
Frogs.
One species may reproduce in the spring while another reproduces in the fall.

20. Geographical distribution
Species location helps determine its relationship to others.
Galapagos finches sharing a common ancestor is supported by their distribution.

21. Chromosome comparisons
Number of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
Similar chromosomes in chimps, gorillas, and humans suggest common ancestry.

22. Biochemistry:
The more closely organisms are related the more similar their DNA.
Based on DNA analysis giant pandas are more closely related to bears than red pandas.

23. PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION
Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species.
Phylogenetic classification shows the evolutionary history between species.
Cladistics
System of classification based on phylogeny.
Assumes groups of organisms diverge and evolve from common ancestral organisms.
A cladagram is a model of the phylogeny of a species.
Refer to page 466
Do mini lab 17.2 page 467.

24. Cladagram

25. 6 Major Kingdoms: Eubacteria Protista Fungi Planta Animalia
Prokaryotes, unicellular, auto/heterot asexual rep
prokaryotes unicellular,
auto/heterot asexual rep
Eukaryotes, unicellular, auto/hetrot,asexual/sex
Eukaryotes,multicellular absorptive feeders,
Eukaryotes,muticellular, autotrophs, sexual rep
Eukaryotes, muticellular, heterotrophs, sexual rep
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Planta
Animalia
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria was the kingdom monera in the old 5 kingdom system

26. TYPICAL BACTERIA

27. ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA (MONERA)
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Autotrophic /heterotrophic
Asexual or sexual reproduction

28. TYPICAL PROTISTA

29. PROTISTA Eukaryotic Uni/multicellular Auto/heterotrophic
Asexual or sexual reproduction

30. TYPICAL FUNGI

31. FUNGI Eukaryotic Unicellular/ multicellular
Heterotrophic by adsorption
Asexual or sexual reproduction

32. TYPICAL PLANTS

33. PLANTAE Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic by photosynthesis
Cellulose cell wall
Usually sexual reproduction

34. TYPICAL ANIMALS

35. ANIMALIA Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic by ingestion
Usually sexual reproduction

36. Domains Domain 1 Eubacteria Domain 2 Archeabacteria
Domain 3 Eukarya protista
fungi
plantae
animalia

37. BYE FOLKS
THAT'S IT