1. Holocaust Between 1933-1945, more than 11 million people were killed
6 million of them Jews (1/3 world’s Jews)
1.1 million children
Greek word for “Sacrifice by fire” or “burnt sacrifice”
1/3 of all jewish people alive at the time were murdered in the Holocaust (2/3s of those in Europe)
Now a days can refer to the mass killing of any group by any government
220, ,000 Romanies (Gypsies) were killed
Jews only spared if their families (grandparents) converted to Christianity before Jan 18, 1871 (Founding of the German Empire)
Also killed disabled, political and religious opponents to Hitler, Romanies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals
Young children were particularly targeted by the Nazis as they represented future generations
Many children suffocated in crowded cattle cars
Surivivers were taken immediately to gas chambers

2. Hitler succeeded by: 1. Enabling Act 2. Propaganda to dehumanize
3. Brutality that terrorized into submission
Joseph Goebbels was Nazi minister of Propaganda and prior to 1933, was head of the Nazi organization in Berlin
He committed suicide along with his wife and six children in Berlin during last week of war

3. Nuremberg Laws (1935) Kristallnacht (1938)
Illegal for Germans to marry Jews
Took away Jew’s German citizenship and rights
Kristallnacht (1938)
Destruction, looting, burning of Jewish businesses, synagogues, hospitals, schools, homes, cemeteries
Nov 1938 Germany enacted the “Regulations Aainst Jews Posessions of weapons” which made it illegal for Jews to carry firearms or other weapons
Hitler succeded using the 1. enabling act 2. propaganda to dehumanize Jewish people 3. brutality to terrorize into submission
Kristallnacht 96 Jews killed, 30,000 arrested
Laws exclueded Jews from public parks, fired them from government jobs, made them register their property, made Jewish doctors only work on Jewish patients

4. Evian Conference (1938)
Representatives from 32 countries met to discuss growing refugee crisis in Europe
Most countries did not lessen immigration restrictions
Evian, France
Great Britain said it had no room to accommodate Jewish refugees
Australians: “We don’t have a racial problema nd we don’t want to imprt one”
Canada “(Jews), none was too many”
Holland and Denmark offered temporary asylum for a few
Only Dominican Republic offered to take 100,000 Jews, but relief agencies were so overwhelmed only a few Jews could take advantage of the offer
German foreign officer wrote” in light of such responses, the world could not blame (the Nazis) for not wanting the Jews”
Although thousands of Jews had been admitted into the United States under the combined German-Austrian quota from 1938–1941, the US did not pursue an organized and specific rescue policy for Jewish victims of Nazi Germany until early 1944.
While some American activists sincerely intended to assist refugees, serious obstacles to any relaxation of US immigration quotas included public opposition to immigration during a time of economic depression, xenophobia, and antisemitic feelings in both the general public and among some key government officials. Once the United States entered World War II, the State Department practiced stricter immigration policies out of fear that refugees could be blackmailed into working as agents for Germany.
It was not until January 1944 that President Franklin D. Roosevelt, under pressure from officials in his own government and an American Jewish community then fully aware of the extent of mass murder, took action to rescue European Jews. Following discussions with Treasury Department officials, he established the War Refugee Board (WRB) to facilitate the rescue of imperiled refugees. With the assistance of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and the World Jewish Congress, as well as resistance organizations in German-occupied Europe, the WRB helped to rescue many thousands of Jews in Hungary, Romania, and elsewhere in Europe.
In April 1944, Roosevelt also directed that Fort Ontario, New York, become a free port for refugees. However, only a few thousand refugees were allowed there and they were from liberated areas, not from Nazi-occupied areas. They were in no imminent danger of deportation to killing centers in German-occupied Poland.
Ultimately, Allied victory brought an end to Nazi terror in Europe and to the war in the Pacific. However, liberated Jews, suffering from illness and exhaustion, emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to discover a world which had no place for them. Bereft of home and family and reluctant to return to their prewar homelands, these Jewish displaced persons (DPs) were joined in a matter of months by more than 150,000 other Jews fleeing fierce antisemitism in Poland, Hungary, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
Most sought to begin a new life outside Europe. Palestine was the most favored destination of Jewish Holocaust survivors, followed by the United States. Immigration restrictions were still in effect in the United States after the war, and legislation to expedite the admission of Jewish DPs was slow in coming.
President Harry S. Truman favored a liberal immigration policy toward DPs. Faced with congressional inaction, he issued an executive order, the "Truman Directive," on December 22, The directive required that existing immigration quotas be designated for displaced persons. While overall immigration into the United States did not increase, more DPs were admitted than before. About 22,950 DPs, of whom two-thirds were Jewish, entered the United States between December 22, 1945, and 1947 under provisions of the Truman Directive.
Congressional action was needed before existing immigration quotas could be increased. In 1948, following intense lobbying by the American Jewish community, Congress passed legislation to admit 400,000 DPs to the United States. Nearly 80,000 of these, or about 20 percent, were Jewish DPs. The rest were Christians from Eastern Europe and the Baltics, many of whom had been forced laborers in Germany. The entry requirements favored agricultural laborers to such an extent, however, that President Truman called the law "flagrantly discriminatory against Jews." Congress amended the law in 1950, but by that time most of the Jewish DPs in Europe had gone to the newly established state of Israel (founded on May 14, 1948).
By 1952, 137,450 Jewish refugees (including close to 100,000 DPs) had settled in the United States. The amended 1948 law was a turning point in American immigration policy and established a precedent for later refugee crises.
Voyage of the St. Louis
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Gustav Schroeder, captain of the "St. Louis," on the day of the ship's departure from Hamburg. Neither Cuba nor the US granted refuge to the ship's passengers. Germany, May 13, 1939.
— US Holocaust Memorial Museum
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On May 13, 1939, the German transatlantic liner St. Louis sailed from Hamburg, Germany, for Havana, Cuba. On the voyage were 937 passengers. Almost all were Jews fleeing from the Third Reich. Most were German citizens, some were from eastern Europe, and a few were officially "stateless."
The majority of the Jewish passengers had applied for US visas, and had planned to stay in Cuba only until they could enter the United States. But by the time the St. Louis sailed, there were signs that political conditions in Cuba might keep the passengers from landing there. The US State Department in Washington, the US consulate in Havana, some Jewish organizations, and refugee agencies were all aware of the situation. The passengers themselves were not informed; most were compelled to return to Europe.
Since the Kristallnacht (literally the “Night of Crystal,” more commonly known as the "Night of Broken Glass") pogrom of November 9–10, 1938, the German government had sought to accelerate the pace of forced Jewish emigration. The German Foreign Office and the Propaganda Ministry also hoped to exploit the unwillingness of other nations to admit large numbers of Jewish refugees to justify the Nazi regime's anti-Jewish goals and policies both domestically in Germany and in the world at large.
The owners of the St. Louis, the Hamburg-Amerika Line, knew even before the ship sailed that its passengers might have trouble disembarking in Cuba. The passengers, who held landing certificates and transit visas issued by the Cuban Director-General of Immigration, did not know that Cuban President Federico Laredo Bru had issued a decree just a week before the ship sailed that invalidated all recently issued landing certificates. Entry to Cuba required written authorization from the Cuban Secretaries of State and Labor and the posting of a $500 bond (The bond was waived for US tourists).
The voyage of the St. Louis attracted a great deal of media attention. Even before the ship sailed from Hamburg, right-wing Cuban newspapers deplored its impending arrival and demanded that the Cuban government cease admitting Jewish refugees. Indeed, the passengers became victims of bitter infighting within the Cuban government. The Director-General of the Cuban immigration office, Manuel Benitez Gonzalez, had come under a great deal of public scrutiny for the illegal sale of landing certificates. He routinely sold such documents for $150 or more and, according to US estimates, had amassed a personal fortune of $500,000 to $1,000,000. Though he was a protégé of Cuban army chief of staff (and future president) Fulgencio Batista, Benitez's self-enrichment through corruption had fueled sufficient resentment in the Cuban government to bring about his resignation.
More than money, corruption, and internal power struggles were at work in Cuba. Like the United States and the Americas in general, Cuba struggled with the Great Depression. Many Cubans resented the relatively large number of refugees (including 2,500 Jews), whom the government had already admitted into the country, because they appeared to be competitors for scarce jobs. Hostility toward immigrants fueled both antisemitism and xenophobia. Both agents of Nazi Germany and indigenous right-wing movements hyped the immigrant issue in their publications and demonstrations, claiming that incoming Jews were Communists. Two of the papers—Diario de la Marina, owned by the influential Rivero family, and Avance, owned by the Zayas family, had supported the Spanish fascist leader General Francisco Franco, who, after a three-year civil war, had just overthrown the Spanish Republic in the spring of 1939 with the help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Reports about the impending voyage fueled a large antisemitic demonstration in Havana on May 8, five days before the St. Louis sailed from Hamburg. The rally, the largest antisemitic demonstration in Cuban history, had been sponsored by Grau San Martin, a former Cuban president. Grau spokesman Primitivo Rodriguez urged Cubans to "fight the Jews until the last one is driven out." The demonstration drew 40,000 spectators. Thousands more listened on the radio.
When the St. Louis arrived in Havana harbor on May 27, the Cuban government admitted 28 passengers: 22 of them were Jewish and had valid US visas; the remaining six—four Spanish citizens and two Cuban nationals—had valid entry documents. One further passenger, after attempting to commit suicide, was evacuated to a hospital in Havana. The remaining 908 passengers (one passenger had died of natural causes en route)—including one non-refugee, a Hungarian Jewish businessman—had been awaiting entry visas and carried only Cuban transit visas issued by Gonzales. 743 had been waiting to receive US visas. The Cuban government refused to admit them or to allow them to disembark from the ship.
After Cuba denied entry to the passengers on the St. Louis, the press throughout Europe and the Americas, including the United States, brought the story to millions of readers throughout the world. Though US newspapers generally portrayed the plight of the passengers with great sympathy, only a few journalists and editors suggested that the refugees be admitted into the United States.
On May 28, the day after the St. Louis docked in Havana, Lawrence Berenson, an attorney representing the US-based Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), arrived in Cuba to negotiate on behalf of the St. Louis passengers. A former president of the Cuban-American Chamber of Commerce, Berenson had had extensive business experience in Cuba. He met with President Bru, but failed to persuade him to admit the passengers into Cuba. On June 2, Bru ordered the ship out of Cuban waters. Nevertheless, the negotiations continued, as the St. Louis sailed slowly toward Miami. Bru offered to admit the passengers if the JDC posted a $453,500 bond ($500 per passenger). Berenson made a counteroffer, but Bru rejected the proposal and broke off negotiations.
Sailing so close to Florida that they could see the lights of Miami, some passengers on the St. Louis cabled President Franklin D. Roosevelt asking for refuge. Roosevelt never responded. The State Department and the White House had decided not to take extraordinary measures to permit the refugees to enter the United States. A State Department telegram sent to a passenger stated that the passengers must "await their turns on the waiting list and qualify for and obtain immigration visas before they may be admissible into the United States." US diplomats in Havana intervened once more with the Cuban government to admit the passengers on a "humanitarian" basis, but without success.
Quotas established in the US Immigration and Nationality Act of 1924 strictly limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted to the United States each year. In 1939, the annual combined German-Austrian immigration quota was 27,370 and was quickly filled. In fact, there was a waiting list of at least several years. US officials could only have granted visas to the St. Louis passengers by denying them to the thousands of German Jews placed further up on the waiting list. Public opinion in the United States, although ostensibly sympathetic to the plight of refugees and critical of Hitler's policies, continued to favor immigration restrictions. The Great Depression had left millions of people in the United States unemployed and fearful of competition for the scarce few jobs available. It also fueled antisemitism, xenophobia, nativism, and isolationism. A Fortune Magazine poll at the time indicated that 83 percent of Americans opposed relaxing restrictions on immigration. President Roosevelt could have issued an executive order to admit the St. Louis refugees, but this general hostility to immigrants, the gains of isolationist Republicans in the Congressional elections of 1938, and Roosevelt's consideration of running for an unprecedented third term as president were among the political considerations that militated against taking this extraordinary step in an unpopular cause.
Roosevelt was not alone in his reluctance to challenge the mood of the nation on the immigration issue. Three months before the St. Louis sailed, Congressional leaders in both US houses allowed to die in committee a bill sponsored by Senator Robert Wagner (D-N.Y.) and Representative Edith Rogers (R-Mass.). This bill would have admitted 20,000 Jewish children from Germany above the existing quota.
Two smaller ships carrying Jewish refugees sailed to Cuba in May The French ship, the Flandre, carried 104 passengers; the Orduña, a British vessel, held 72 passengers. Like the St. Louis, these ships were not permitted to dock in Cuba. The Flandre turned back to its point of departure in France, while the Orduña proceeded to a series of Latin American ports. Its passengers finally disembarked in the US-controlled Canal Zone in Panama. The United States eventually admitted most of them.
Following the US government's refusal to permit the passengers to disembark, the St. Louis sailed back to Europe on June 6, The passengers did not return to Germany, however. Jewish organizations (particularly the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) negotiated with four European governments to secure entry visas for the passengers: Great Britain took 288 passengers; the Netherlands admitted 181 passengers, Belgium took in 214 passengers; and 224 passengers found at least temporary refuge in France. Of the 288 passengers admitted by Great Britain, all survived World War II save one, who was killed during an air raid in Of the 620 passengers who returned to continent, 87 (14%) managed to emigrate before the German invasion of Western Europe in May St. Louis passengers were trapped when Germany conquered Western Europe. Just over half, 278 survived the Holocaust. 254 died: 84 who had been in Belgium; 84 who had found refuge in Holland, and 86 who had been admitted to France.

5. Creation of ghettos (1939) Various types Purely meant to be temporary
Largest in Warsaw, Poland
During World War II, the Germans concentrated urban and sometimes regional Jewish populations in ghettos. Living conditions were miserable. Ghettos were often enclosed districts that isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities from the non-Jewish population and from other Jewish communities. The Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. There were three types of ghettos: closed ghettos, open ghettos, and destruction ghettos.
German occupation authorities established the first ghetto in Poland in Piotrków Trybunalski in October The largest ghetto in Poland was the Warsaw ghetto. In Warsaw, more than 400,000 Jews were crowded into an area of 1.3 square miles. Other major ghettos were established in the cities of Lodz, Krakow, Bialystok, Lvov, Lublin, Vilna, Kovno, Czestochowa, and Minsk. Tens of thousands of western European Jews were also deported to ghettos in the east.
The Germans ordered Jews in the ghettos to wear identifying badges or armbands. They also required many Jews to carry out forced labor for the German Reich. Nazi-appointed Jewish councils (Judenraete) administered daily life in the ghettos. A ghetto police force enforced the orders of the German authorities and the ordinances of the Jewish councils. This included facilitating deportations to killing centers. Jewish police officials, like Jewish council members, served at the whim of the German authorities. The Germans did not hesitate to kill those Jewish policemen who were perceived to have failed to carry out orders.
Jews responded with a variety of resistance efforts. Ghetto residents frequently smuggled food, medicine, weapons, or intelligence across the ghetto walls. These and other such activities often took place without the knowledge or approval of the Jewish councils. On the other hand, some Jewish councils and some individual council members tolerated or encouraged the smuggling because the goods were necessary to keep ghetto residents alive.
The Germans generally showed little concern in principle about religious worship, attendance at cultural events, or participation in youth movements inside the ghetto walls. However, they often saw a “security threat” in any social gathering and would move ruthlessly to incarcerate or kill perceived ringleaders and participants. The Germans generally forbade any form of consistent schooling or education.
In some ghettos, members of Jewish resistance movements staged armed uprisings. The largest of these was the Warsaw ghetto uprising in spring There were also violent revolts in Vilna, Bialystok, Czestochowa, and several smaller ghettos.
Storm Lake 4 square miles
Open ghettos meant Jews could leave the area during the daytime but had to be back within it by a curfew…later they became closed…which meant that Jews were trapped within the confines of the ghetto and not allowed to leave
1,000 people a day were loaded up in trains and sent to either concentraiton camp or a death camp…..Nazis told them they were being transported to another place for labor

7. Worst killing took place Sept. 1941 near Kiev, Ukraine
33,000 Jews killed in two days
Einsatzgruppen
Babi Yar Ravine
Shot into mass graves
Task forces; mobile killing vans were regulary trucks with exhaust pipes redirected into the cargo area…Jews herded into them (90) at a time…Einsatzgruppen killed over 1.2 million Jews

8. 1942, the Wannsee Conference solidified the “Final Solution”
Deport all Jews to Poland where the SS would kill them
14 high ranking nazis met in Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin
In all correspondence, letters, documents, Nazis never used words “extermination” or “killing”…they used other code words such as “final solution”, “evacuation”, “special treatment”
In many places ghettoization lasted a short time. Some ghettos existed for only a few days. Others lasted for months or years. The Germans saw the ghettos as a provisional measure to control and segregate Jews while the Nazi leadership in Berlin deliberated upon options for the removal of the Jewish population.
With the implementation of the "Final Solution" (the plan to murder all European Jews) beginning in late 1941, the Germans systematically destroyed the ghettos. The Germans and their auxiliaries either shot ghetto residents in mass graves located nearby or deported them. Jews were deported to killing centers. German SS and police authorities also deported a small minority of Jews from ghettos to forced-labor camps and concentration camps.
In August 1944, German SS and police completed the destruction of the last major ghetto, in Lodz.
One of the most difficult questions historians have to answer is when did the Nazis decide to kill all the Jews of Europe? Was murder always in the mind of Adolf Hitler? Certainly, up until the invasion of the Soviet Union Jews did manage to emigrate from Germany. We will never know precisely when the order for mass killing was given, but the wholesale murders began with the invasion of Russia.
Some people believe that Hitler always intended to murder the Jews. In a letter of 16 September 1919 he wrote, ”the final objective must be the complete removal of the Jews”. Was the road to the death camps foreseen and pre-planned? Or was it, as others believe, an unplanned response to circumstances that arose?
What is certain is that Hitler and his inner circle were obsessed with the Jews. They believed that they were responsible for all the ills of the world. In fact, in Hitler’s last letter, before he committed suicide, the last paragraph was about the Jews. ”But before everything else I call upon the leadership of the nation and those who follow it to observe the racial laws most carefully, to fight mercilessly against the poisoners of all the peoples of the world, international Jewry.”
In January 1939, Reinhard Heydrich (chief of the Security Police) had received an order to solve “the Jewish question by means of emigration or evacuation in the most convenient way possible”.
This was upgraded on 31 July 1941, when Hermann Goering sent an order that Heydrich should make “all necessary preparations with regard to organisational, practical and financial aspects for an overall solution to the Jewish question”. Heydrich was to “submit an overall plan... for the execution of the intended ‘Final solution’ of the Jewish question”.
Although Goering had given the order, Hitler had approved it. He also allowed the use of the railway system to transport Jews from Austria, Czechoslovakia and Germany to occupied Poland and Soviet Union.

9. 1942, Allied leaders issue first joint declaration noting the mass murdering of European Jews in Europe
Plan to prosecute those responsible
Soviet leader wanted to execute 50, ,000 German staff officers
Churchill discussed summary execution (no trial) of high-ranking Nazis)
Americans persuaded against and said a criminal trial would be effective
--require evidence/documentation
--prevent later accusations that defendants were killed unfairly (no evidence)

10. Heinrich Himmler was Nazi leader most involved with Holocaust
First concentration camp was Dachau (1933)
Himmler inspecting POW camp in Russia
After the German invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939, the Nazis sent many thousands of Czech Jews to ghettos in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. This meant there were over two million people in the overcrowded ghettos.
In order to make way for these new prisoners, the SS took many thousands of Jews from the ghettos of Kovno, Riga, Minsk, Lodz, Lvov and Lublin to be murdered by the Einsatzgruppen.
During the summer of 1941 the German invasion of the Soviet Union brought many more Jews within German-controlled territory.
Some Polish Jews had managed to escape into the Soviet Union during the German invasion of Poland. Now, as the German army rolled into the Soviet Union, they were again trapped.
Heinrich Himmler (leader of the SS) witnessed the Einsatzgruppen killing process. He ordered a more organised and less random method of mass murder. This was to become an industry of death.
German officer most involved
He established dachau and extermination camps in Eastern Europe
Captured by British in the end, but committed suicide before trial was held
Concenrataion camps were meant to work and starve prisoners to death…exterminination/death camps built for sole purpose of killing large groups of people quickly and efficiently
Dachau initially established to hold political prisoners of the 3rd Reich (minority of Jews)…it became a model concentration camp, a place were SS guards and opther camp officials went to train

11. Six extermination/death camps were the main killing centers
Treblinka Sobibor
Belzec Chelmno
Auschwitz/Birkenau (worst) Majdanek
Auschwitz had more deaths than any other place (most highly organized death camp in history). It was 3 camps in one—concentration, death, and slave labor camp; guarded by 6,000 men; opened June 1940; killed 6,000 people a day….20 minutes per chamber
Originally carbon monoxide was used in gas chambers, then an insectivide Zyklon B was developed
People died with blood coming out of ears and foam out of their mouths….gas started on floor layer and rose to ceiling, so vicitms trampled each other to try and breathe
Chelmno camp had first mass gassing of Jews
In 1946, two partners in a leading pest control company (Testa) were tried before a British military court on charges of genocide. It was argued they must have realized the massize supply of Zyklon B being provided to the camps was far above quantity required for delousing. They were convicted and hung.
“Death Head’s detachments were the soldiers who operated and patrolled the camps. They wore skull and crossbone insignia on their uniforms to reflect their namesake
There were 6 camps served as the main killing centers, all in Poland: Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Chelmno, Auschwitz/Birkenau, and Majanek
Over 1 million killed at Auschwitz
It was located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the northeastern part of the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich in southern Germany. During the first year, the camp held about 4,800 prisoners.
Treblinka killed 870,000
Birkenau (Auschwitz II) 1.1 million Jews killed, 20,000 Poles, 19,000 gypsies, 12,000 Russia POWs

12. At some concentration camps prisoners were used for medical experiments
Exposure to the elements
Nursing infants
Reuse of human parts
Surgeries
Vaccinations
Skin for lamp shades
Human hair for socks
Diseases like hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria
Twins sewn together
Drinking salt water
Placed in high altitude simulated pressure chambers

13. First death camps were liberated in July 1944 by Soviet Soldiers
Majdanek
World initially refused to believe the Soveit reports of what was found
General Eisenhower ordered ever citizen of the German town of Gotha to tour the concentration camp Ohrdruf (subcamp of Buchenwald). After the mayor of the town and his wife did, they went home and hung themselves
Eisenhower ordered eveyr American soldier in the area who was not on the front lines to visit the Ohrdruf concentration camp. He said if they did not know what they were fighting for, now they would know “what they were fighting against”
Auschwitz liberated Jan. 1945
Image showing unauthorized execution of SS guards at Dachau during liberation (supposedly)

14. Nuremberg Trials ( )
First ever international trial of war criminals
13 different trials held
Set a precedent
Between 1945 and 1985, 5,000 convicted Nazi war criminals will be executed and 10,000 imprisoned
Allied Powers created International War Crimes Tribunal with judges from US, GB, France, and Soviet Union. Never before in history had the losers of a nation at war been held to answer for their crimes before an international court
After the Holocaust, the US created the Commission of Human Rights (1946) and in 1948, the passed 2 agreements: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide & Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Nov. 20, 1945 –Oct. 1, 1946 War criminals are tried
Four different languages—IBM created instantaneous translation through headphones (English, French, German, Russian
Trial of Major War Criminals: Most defendants found guilty--12 sentenced to death (in major war criminal trial), some commited suicide prior
12 subsequent trials
Doctors Trial (23 accused of medical experiements on POWs)
Judges Trial (laywers and judges-16) accused of implmenting eugenics laws and riacial purity laws in Germany
185 people indicted in total…12 executed, 8 life in prison, 77 other prison terms

15. U. S. military authorities prepare to hang Dr
U.S. military authorities prepare to hang Dr. Klaus Karl Schilling, 74, at Landsberg, Germany, on May 28, In a Dachau war crimes trial he was ...

16. “De-Nazification of Germany”
After the war, the Allies felt German people should know the crimes committed during the Holocaust. Many citizens were forced to view bodies found at the camps
After the war de-Nazification by GB, US, SU sentenced 3.4 million former Nazis to some type of punishment…revoked race laws, disbanded Nazi organizations, eliminated racial science instruction from school