1. Biology Midterm Review
Chromosomes that are not involved in sex determination.
Karyotype
Gamete
Autosome
Allele

2. In the 1940s and 1950s, scientists did experiments to determine the molecule responsible for heredity. Their experiments demonstrated that the molecule that encodes and transmits information in organisms is
A. DNA.
B. Glucosamine.
C. Insulin.

3. Which term describes the maintenance of a steady internal state in the body?
gametogenesis
homeostasis
mitosis

4. Vitamin D is an organic molecule that regulates the absorption of calcium by the body. Which of the following elements is most common in a molecule of vitamin D?
aluminum
carbon
magnesium

5. Which of the following organisms has the simplest cellular structure?
Bacterium
Earthworm
Mushroom

6. The role of an enzyme in a chemical reaction is to change which of the following?
the type of reaction
the activation energy of the reaction
the pH at which the reaction occurs

7. Which type of organic molecule in the yolk of a chicken egg provides the most energy for a developing chick?
lipid
nucleic acid
salt

8. Which of the following statements describes each new molecule of DNA produced when DNA replicates?
Each new molecule is half the length of the original molecule.
Each new molecule has only the coding portions of the original molecule in its sequence.
Each new molecule contains one strand from the original molecule and one new strand.

9. A student is looking at a picture of a cell taken through a microscope
A student is looking at a picture of a cell taken through a microscope. The presence of which of the following would indicate that the cell is eukaryotic?
cytoplasm
DNA
nucleus

10. Resistance to antibiotics results from variations in the genetic code of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Which type of molecule encodes genetic information in Streptococcus pneumoniae?
A. carbohydrate
B. fatty acid
C. nucleic acid

11. Which of the following is an example of a mutation?
A red blood cell loses its nucleus.
A strand of mRNA is produced from DNA.
A nucleotide is missing in a replicated DNA strand.

12. Scientists have found geysers on one of Saturn’s moons
Scientists have found geysers on one of Saturn’s moons. The geysers release water vapor containing complex organic compounds, which may indicate the presence of life. Which of the following elements is most likely abundant in the organic compounds in the water vapor?
A. carbon
B. chlorine
C. iron

13. Which of the following matches a cell organelle with its function?
chloroplast—movement
nucleus—cell regulation
vacuole—energy production

14. Which of the following roles does an enzyme play when the body processes sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose?
A. An enzyme decreases the body’s need for sucrose.
B. An enzyme cause the cell to burst.
C. An enzyme increases the rate at which the sucrose breaks down.

15. Which of the following features of DNA is most important in determining traits of an organism?
the number of deoxyribose sugars
the sequence of the bases
the strength of the hydrogen bonds

16. A single nucleotide of DNA is composed of which of the following substances?
A. adenine, guanine, and cytosine
B. ribose sugar, deoxyribose sugar, and thymine
C. deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a base

17. The human body regularly sheds and replaces its skin cells.
Which of the following processes is directly responsible for replacing these cells?
Cellular respiration
Mitosis
Osmosis

18. Some cell types contain thousands of mitochondria
Some cell types contain thousands of mitochondria. These cells are likely to use large amounts of which of the following?
A. ATP
B. carbon dioxide
C. DNA

19. Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell?
A. packaging proteins for export from the cell
B. distributing enzymes throughout the cytoplasm
C. moving substances against a concentration gradient

20. In pure water, a red blood cell from an animal will swell and burst, but a leaf cell from a plant will not. Which structure in the leaf cell is responsible for this difference?
cell membrane
cell wall
mitochondrion

21. Amino acids, sugars, and ions move across the cell membrane
Amino acids, sugars, and ions move across the cell membrane. Their movement from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is accomplished by special proteins in the membrane. Which of the following terms applies to this type of cell transport?
A. facilitated diffusion
B. osmosis
C. transcription

22. Which of the following statements describes the role of ATP in animal cells?
A. ATP stores and releases energy.
B. ATP forms the channels in the plasma membrane.
C. ATP serves as the hereditary material in the nucleus.

23. the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism
Phenotype
Genotype
Karyotype
Heterozygote

24. Having identical alleles for a given gene. “BB”
Heterozygous
Incomplete dominance
Recessive
Homozygous

25. Which type of cells are made during meiosis?
A. body cells
B. gametes
C. autosomes
D. karyotypes

26. Which of the following is a function of meiosis?
A. Cloning
B. Growth and repair
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Production of somatic cells

27. The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
Phenotype
Genotype
Karyotype
Mutation

28. A single set of chromosomes (half the full set of genetic material) present in the egg and sperm cells of animals and in the egg and pollen cells of plants
Haploid
Diploid
Allele
Hybrid

29. Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Diploid
Haploid
Hybrid
Homozygous

30. traits or characteristics that are controlled by the interaction of more than one gene
Sex-linked
Codominant
Ploidy
Polygenic

31. the condition where both alleles of a gene are expressed in the phenotype- resulting in combined (blended) phenotype
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Hybrid
Haploid

32. A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other
True breeding
Hybrid
Codominant
Homozygous

33. An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs during prophase I of meiosis
Crossing over
Metaphase
Inheritance
Recessive

34. In guinea pigs, the allele for black hair (B) is dominant to the allele for brown hair (b). Two black-haired guinea pigs are crossed. One of the guinea pigs is homozygous for black hair and one is heterozygous. What percentage of the offspring are expected to have black hair? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%

35. In garden pea plants, the tall allele (T) is dominant to the short allele (t), and the round seed allele (R) is dominant to the wrinkled seed allele (r).Which of the following crosses could produce short pea plants with wrinkled seeds? A. TtRr x TTRR B. TTRr x TTRr C. TtRr x Ttrr D. TtRR x ttRR

36. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) can result in kidney failure
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) can result in kidney failure. In most cases, PKD is caused by a dominant allele. What is the chance that a child will have PKD if the father is unaffected and the mother is heterozygous for PKD? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%

37. Female cattle that have white coats are crossed with male cattle that have red coats. Both male and female offspring have roan coats, which are coats with both red hairs and white hairs. Which of the following best describes the genetics of coat color in the cattle? A. The red and white alleles are sex- linked. B. The red and white alleles are codominant. C. The red allele is recessive to the white allele. D. The red allele is dominant to the white allele.

38. In fish of the species Perissodus microlepis, some individuals have mouths that open to the right and some individuals have mouths that open to the left. The direction of the mouth opening is a genetic trait controlled by a single gene. The allele for a right-opening mouth (R) is dominant to the allele for a left-opening mouth (r). If two fish heterozygous for the mouth trait are crossed, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring? A. 1 right-opening mouth : 3 left-opening mouth B. 2 right-opening mouth : 2 left-opening mouth C. 3 right-opening mouth : 1 left-opening mouth D. 4 right-opening mouth : 0 left-opening mouth

39. Garden pea plants can have yellow seeds or green seeds
Garden pea plants can have yellow seeds or green seeds. In a pea plant that is heterozygous for seed color, the allele for yellow seeds masks the effects of the allele for green seeds.
Which of the following terms best describes the allele for yellow seeds?
A. Codominant
B. Dominant
C. Recessive
D. sex-linked

40. Which of the following crosses does not follow Mendel’s law of segregation? A. Two tall pea plants (Tt × Tt) are expected to produce some tall offspring plants. B. Two tall pea plants (Tt × Tt) are expected to produce some short offspring plants. C. A tall pea plant and a short pea plant (Tt × tt) are expected to produce all tall offspring plants. D. A tall pea plant and a short pea plant (TT × tt) are expected to produce all tall offspring plants.

41. In humans, freckles are encoded by a dominant allele
In humans, freckles are encoded by a dominant allele. An individual woman is heterozygous for freckles. According to the law of segregation, which of the following would apply to a child of this woman? A. The child must inherit the dominant allele for freckles. B. The child must inherit the recessive allele for freckles. C. The child has an equal chance of inheriting the dominant allele or the recessive allele for freckles from her mother. D. The child has a greater chance of inheriting the dominant allele than the recessive allele for freckles from her mother.

42. An inherited metabolic disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU) can result in serious problems in infancy. The chance that two parents who are heterozygous will have a child with PKU is 25% .Which of the following terms best applies to the inheritance pattern for PKU? A. Codominant B. Dominant C. Recessive D. sex-linked

43. Two chromosome pairs from a diploid organism are shown below
Two chromosome pairs from a diploid organism are shown below. Assuming meiosis and fertilization occur normally, which of the following pairs of alleles can an offspring receive from this parent? A. A and A B. A and a C. A and f D. F and F