1. Columbian Exchange
Plants, animals, disease exchanged between Old and New Worlds
New World
Beans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, (syphilis?)
Old World
Sugar, pigs, horses, smallpox, measles, guns

2. Triangular Trade

3. Effects of Interaction
2/3 of Native Americans die, mostly from disease
(high estimates as much as 90%)
Spanish exploit empires for precious metals
Labor
Encomienda System  forced labor in towns (Hacienda in rural)
Grants of land and natives in exchange owner had to care for people
Slavery instituted
Africans imported after using indigenous people fails
Missionary System  forced conversion to Catholicism
Indians viewed as heathens
Spanish goal to Christianize New World

4. Changing of Guard
Spain’s internal political and religious stability allowed it to expand overseas
Looked for quick profits
Led to inflation
Gold supply increased 500%
External problems caused European confrontation
British privateers (supported by Elizabeth I) attacked Spanish ships
Sir Francis Drake
Protestant Reformation (see Split of Ch. Slide)
1588 Spanish Armada sent to Great Britain (religious reasons)
Defeat allowed British and Dutch to expand their exploration
Spain’s navy was no longer strong enough to completely block other countries expansion

5. Split of Christianity Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Methodist
Lutheran (1517)
Mormon
Anglican
Baptist
Episcopal
Blue = Protestant faiths

6. Early British Settlement
Newfoundland 1497
John Cabot
Under Henry VII but political disunity under Henry VIII disrupted until Elizabeth I stabilized
Roanoke Island 1587
Sir Walter Raleigh
Disappeared by the time resupply ships arrived in 1590
Jamestown 1607
London Company (joint-stock co.)
Few workers, and too little emphasis on agriculture led to 50% death during first winter
Too much emphasis on gold and too many gentlemen
John Smith’s leadership and Native help saved colony
Tobacco as a cash crop saved the colony
John Rolfe (Pocohontas)
Labor intensive crop
Indentured servants
1619 first African slaves
about 80,000 people settled
Charter revoked by James I in 1624

7. France
1500s
European wars and religious issues caused it to lag early explorers until 1600s