1. Skeletal System
Joints and Diseases

2. Bell Work
What is the difference between closed reduction and open reduction surgery?
What is the difference between internal fixation and external fixation?
What uses a system of weights and pulleys to gradually change the position of a bone. 
You and your friends are playing basketball. One of your friends, goes up for a layup and comes down hard on the court screaming his right ankle is in excruciating pain. What are some first line, initial injury tasks you can do to help your friend?

3. How Bones Heal?
Step 1: Blood Clot- Within a couple hours, a blood clot forms around the break. Step 2: Phagocytes: Inside the blood clot, special cells called phagocytes begin cleaning bone fragments and killing any germs which might have gotten in around the break.

4. Phagocytes Phagocytes are part of the immune system.
The word phagocyte means 'cells that eat' in Greek, so these cells are named after the way they surround and destroy unwanted bacteria and material.

5. How Bones Heal?
Step 3: Soft callus made mostly of collagen is created around the fracture by another special group of cells called chondroblasts. Step 4: hard callus forms next as osteoblast cells create new bone, adding minerals to make it hard. This stage typically begins 2 weeks after the break, and ends somewhere between the 6th and 12th week.

6. How Bones Heal?
Step 5: Remodeling - Special cells called osteoclasts break down extra bone around the fracture until it's completely healed and returned to its original shape. Bone remodeling is a very slow process which can take anywhere from 3 to 9 years to complete!

7. How Bones Heal?

8. Joints
A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together.
Fibrous- Immovable: connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis).
Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs)
Synovial- freely movable, much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.

9. The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Figure 5.28
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Types of Joints
Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)

11. Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)

12. Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other
Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)

13. Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)

14. Tendons and Ligaments
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.
A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.

15. Cartilage cushion between the bones of joints.
connective tissue found in many parts of the body
tough and flexible material, but easy to damage.
If damaged, experience joint pain, stiffness, and inflammation 
Cartilage

16. Disease/Condition Research – 20 min.
Cause
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Osteoarthritis – Adyson and Cortney
Tendonitis – Emily and Elsayed
Scoliosis – Alex and Rachel
Rheumatoid arthritis: Parker and Kayla
Carpal Tunnel - Wiley and Ben
Sprain/Strain – Lakyn and Mason
Bursitis: Carson and Hailey
Osteoporosis: Ashlyn

17. Diseases and Conditions
of the Skeletal System

18. Arthritis
Osteoarthritis: inflammation, breakdown, eventual lose of cartilage
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune condition, immune system attacking healthy body tissues
Treatment: Ice, Anti- inflammatory drugs, Immunosuppressive drugs, steroids

19. Arthritis

23. Bursitis
Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac surrounding the joint).
A bursa can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition.
Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.
Treatment: medication like steroids, treat pain

26. Tendonitis
Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal smooth gliding motion of your tendon is impaired, the tendon will become inflamed and movement will become painful. This is called tendonitis, and literally means inflammation of the tendon.
The most common cause of tendonitis is overuse.
Treatment: pain medication, NSAIDS

28. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median nerve.
Irritation of the median nerve in this manner causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a condition known as "carpal tunnel syndrome.“
Treatment: Pain with NSAIDS, CTR (release) surgery

31. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a term that means "porous bones."
It is a skeletal disease affecting women and men.
Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones have lost minerals especially calciumﾑmaking them weaker, more brittle, and susceptible to fractures (broken bones).
Any bone in the body can be affected by osteoporosis, but the most common places where fractures occur are the back (spine), hips, and wrists.

32. Osteoporosis
Symptoms: Beginning (non), height loss, dull pain in bones and muscles
Treatment: Weight-bearing exercises, NSAIDS, STERIODS

36. Scoliosis
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. If your child (9-15 yo) has scoliosis, the view from behind may reveal one or more abnormal curves.
Scoliosis runs in families, but doctors often don't know the cause.

37. Scoliosis
More girls than boys have severe scoliosis. Adult scoliosis may be a worsening of a condition that began in childhood, but wasn't diagnosed or treated. In other cases, scoliosis may result from a degenerative joint condition in the spine.
Treatment: bracing, or surgery

40. Sprain and Strain
A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments. Bruising
A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. Muscle Spasms
Both have Pain, limited flexibility, inflammation.
Treat with RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevate
Causes: Athletic activities, moving heavy objects, repetitive movement