1. Lee, Jung-Woo Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science
Can Machine Become a Scientist? - Computational Approaches to Scientific Discovery
Lee, Jung-Woo
Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science

2. Introduction(1/2) Context of Discovery & Context of Justification
Context of discovery : intuition ->Psychology
Context of justification : deduction ->Philosophy
Construct hypotheses
Conceive new idea
Put forward theories
Test theory

3. Introduction(2/2)
Three Basic Development toward Computational Approaches
Cognitive Psychology
Artificial Intelligence
New Trends in Philosophy of Science

4. Research on Machine Discovery(1/2)
AM(Lenat, 1979)
BACON(Langley&Zytkow, )
GLAUBER(Langley et al, 1983)
STAHL(Langley et al.,1983)
ABACUS(Falkenhainer&Michalski, 1986)
KEKADA(Kulkarni&Simon, 1988, 1990)
ECHO(Thagard, 1989, 1990)
FAHENHEIT(Langley&Zytkow, 1989)
PHINEAS(Falkenhainer, 1990)
IDS(Nordhausen&Langley, 1990)

5. Research on Machine Discovery(2/2)
Task of Empirical Discovery
Given. A Set of observations or data
Find. One or more general laws that summarize those data

6. BACON(1/4) Induction of numeric laws from experimental data
Sequence of Law formation
Functional dependency
Empirical Law
Fitting Curve to Data
BACON : From functional dependency to Empirical Law

7. BACON(2/4) Three Basic Heuristics
Constant : If the values of a term are constant, then infer that the term always has that value
Increase : If the values of two numerical terms increase together, then consider their ratio
Decrease : If the values of one term increase as those of another decrease, then consider their product

8. BACON(3/4) Induction of Kepler’s third law :
D : Planet’s distance from the sun
P : Period
Data obeying Kepler’s third law of planetary motion

9. BACON(4/4) General Features
Theoretical terms : state laws in simple forms
Data-driven heuristics
Recursive method

10. IDS(1/2) Formulate both qualitative laws and quantitative laws
Qualitative Schemas : consists of finite state diagram in which successive state represent succeeding intervals of time

11. IDS(2/2) Qualitative Schema Black’s Law :
Qualitative Schema for Black’s law

12. Critical Review(1/3) Success of BACON Requirement of Hypotheses
Suggest the possibility of computable heuristic
Computer program that generate new concept or qualities
Requirement of Hypotheses
Observation->Analyze->Generalization->Test
Computer program lacks hypotheses

13. Critical Review(2/3) From Scientific Group
Cooperative and Communicative Aspects of Scientific research
Insight from history of science
Three patterns of scientific discovery
data-driven, explanation-driven, coherence-driven

14. Critical Review(3/3)