Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)
FIGURES OF SPEECH PREPARED BY: DIPAKBHAI V. PARIKH Principal, Baroda High School, Jr.1,ONGC Makarpura Road, Baroda Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Figures of Speech: A figures of speech is a departure from the ordinary form of expression of the ordinary course of ideas or the literal use of the language in order to produce a greater linguistic effect. Figures of speech may be classified as under. Those based on Resemblance as Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Apostrophe, Alliteration, Repetition, and Tautology. Those based on Contrast as Antithesis, Oxymoron, Irony, Epigram, and Paradox Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(C) Those based on Association as Metonymy, and Synecdoche (D) Those depending on construction as Climax, Anti-Climax, Hyperbole, Litotes, Euphemism, Transferred Epithet, Pun, Onomatopoeia, Interrogation, Exclamation, Anastrophe, and Internal Rhyme. (A) Based on Resemblance: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Apostrophe, Alliteration, Repetition, and Tautology. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(1) Simile: A simile is a comparison between Two things of different kind having one feature in common with some point of likeness or commonness. The They have one point of similarity. It is the aspect that is brought in for comparison by using as/like. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Ex. (1) Her face was as lovely as the moon. Explanation: The two things are compared here.(i)face (ii) the moon. Both of them are different kinds (things). The common point between then is loveliness (2) One hope is too like despair. Explanation: As there is comparison between hope and despair. The common point is that both leave the person frustrated. (3) Who dreamed that beauty passes like a dream? Explanation: There is a comparison between Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

‘beauty’ and ‘dream’ the common point between the two is ‘their very short duration’. (4) Tom eats like a horse. Explanation: Tom is a man and ‘horse’ is an animal. Hence both of them do not belong to the same category. However, they have one feature in common, that is their appetite. Tom’s appetite is compared to that of the horse. (5) We and the labouring world are passing by like pale waters. Explanation: There is a comparison between man and flowing waters. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

The common point is constant forward movements towards their respective ends-”death” in case of men and “sea” in case of river. (6) Short as twilight, short as a shadow at noon. Explanation: There is a comparison between the poet’s ‘beloved’ and the ‘twilight’ and ‘shadow at noon’. The common point in each case is the shortness (or smallness). (7) You were thin like a stick. (8) Chimneys like lank black fingers. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(9) Like the dew on the mountain, Like the foam on the river, Like the bubble on the fountain Though art gone for ever. (10)Errors like straws, upon the surface flow. (11)The fog comes on (like) little cat feet. (12)They speak like saints and act like devils. (13)I wandered lonely as a cloud, That floats on high o’er vales and hills. (14)The days were like hot coals. (15) Though art not so unkind, as man’s ingratitude. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) Metaphor: It is an implied Simile and has no such words as introduce, likeness or commonness or acts as another, but takes that for granted and proceeds as if the two things were one. In fact a Metaphor can bring in a stronger comparison than a simile does. It can portray a better colourful word picture than a simile. Thus, when we say, ‘He fought like a lion’ we use simile, but when we say that ‘He was a lion in the war(fight)’ we use Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Metaphor. Note: Every Simile can be expressed in to a metaphor and every Metaphor can be expanded in to a Simile. Metaphor should never be mixed. That is an object should not be identified with two or more different things in the same sentence. Examples:(1) Most friendship is feigning. Explanation: Friendship is not only compared with feigning but both are taken to be one and the same. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) Most loving mere folly. Explanation: Loving is not only compared with folly but both are taken to be one and the same. (3) This nymph to the destruction of mankind. Explanation: Here Belinda is not only compared with nymph(beautiful goddess) but she and nymph are taken to be one and the same. (4) The smooth Ivory neck. Explanation: The neck of Belinda is not only compared with ivory but ivory and neck are Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Taken as one and the same. (5) Love in the Labyrinths his slaves detains. Explanation: because the locks of hair are not only compared with narrow passage ways but they both are taken to be one and the same. (6) Mighty hearts are held in slender chains. Explanation: because Belinda’s locks are not only compared with slender chains but both are taken to be one and the same. (7) Soldier’s sigh runs in blood down palace walls. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: As the ‘sigh’ is not only compared with blood but both are taken for granted as one and the same. (8) And blights with Plague the marriage hearse. Explanation: because marriage is not only compared with hearse but both are taken to be one and the same. (9) All the mighty heart is lying still. Explanation: There is an implied comparison between London and mighty heart and both are taken as one and the same. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(10) I see a lily on thy brow. Explanation: As there is an implied comparison between paleness and lily and both are taken to be one and the same. (11) His words stabbed at her heart. (12) Life is a dream told by an idiot Full of fury and signifying nothing. (13) He is a peacock. (14) Camel is the ship of the desert. (15) On thy cheeks a fading rose. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(3) --Personification-- Person Fiction Not real/Non-living Human action is given to non-living thing or non-human . When any Non-living or Inanimate object gets human action, it is personification. It is a kind of Metaphor which makes the lifeless things as having life. An inanimate object and abstract notions are spoken of as having life, human qualities and intelligence in it. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

In other words, Personification consists of giving human qualities or abilities to things or ideas. EX.(1) Death lays his icy hand on kings. Explanation: Death is an abstract idea. However the poet treats it as it were a human being having hands as cold as ice laying their hold on kings. Hence the figure of speech is personification. (2) The roses were smiling and the wind was telling a fairy tale. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: Roses have the human activity of smiling and wind has the human action of telling a fairy tale. (3)Dancing and whistling, the leaves went. Explanation: Dancing and whistling are human activities. (4) Love in these Labyrinths his slaves detains. Explanation: Here the abstract idea ‘Love’ is given the human attribute of detaining persons. (5) Slight lines of hair surprise the Finny Prey. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: As the inanimate (object) lines of hair are given the human attribute of attracting a prey. (6) The mind forged manacles I hear. Explanation: because ‘mind’ has been personified and given the human attitude of shaping or fabricating the chains. (7) The city now doth like a garment wear the beauty of moaning. Explanation: As the city is given the human faculty of wearing a dress. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(8) The river glideth at his own sweet will. Explanation: The inanimate river is made to appear like a living person having free will. (9) The very houses seem asleep. Explanation: As the inanimate houses are made to appear like a living persons having the ability to sleep. (10) Half truth sleeping with the half lie. Explanation: ‘Half truth’ and ‘half lie’ are abstract ideas are made to appear like human beings with the faculty of sleeping. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

For Practice: (11)The bird carries a message. (12) The leaves went dancing and whirling. (13) The hoards of clouds advance. (14) I have chased the shouting wind along. (15) A sentiment arrives from a distant friend. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(4) Apostrophe: It is used to bring in address. An Apostrophe is a direct address to the dead, to the absent, or to the personified object or idea. This figure is a special form of personification. Example: (1) Blow, Blow, though winter wind. Explanation: Because the poet addresses the inanimate wind as if it were a human being capable of hearing the people. In other words wind is personified and directly addressed. (2) Freeze, Freeze, though bitter sky. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: The abstract ‘sky’ is personified and directly addressed. (3) Though thou the waters warp. Explanation: because the inanimate wind is personified and directly addressed. (4) Upward or downward motion thy rest. Explanation: As the fountain which is an inanimate is personified and directly addressed. (5) Darkness or Sunshine Thy element. Explanation: Here the inanimate fountain is Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Personified and directly addressed. (6) Glorious fountain, Let me be changeful, constant upward like thee. Explanation: because the inanimate fountain is personified and directly addressed. (7) O Liberty, what crimes have been committed in thy name? Explanation: the abstract idea of liberty is not only personified but also is directly addressed to. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(8) With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb’st the sky! Explanation: The Moon is not only personified but also directly addressed to. For Practice: O Father! Guide us towards our destination. Shakespeare! You are really great. Milton! The world is visible through your words. O life! I shall find you somewhere. O Dream! Life is beautiful. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(6) O Death! Where is thy sting? (7) O Grave! Where is thy victory? (8) O Solitude! Where are the charms That sages have seen in thy face? Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(5) Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds especially in the beginning of words. Examples: (1) Blow, Blow though winter wind. Explanation: because the words winter and wind begin with the same consonant sound ‘w’. (2)Heigh ho! Sing heigh ho! Explanation: The sound ‘h’ is repeated . (3) Though thou the waters warp. Explanation: The ‘water’ and ‘warp’ begins with the same consonant sound of ‘w’. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

For Practice: (1)Marks of weakness and marks of woe. (2) Soldier’s sigh runs in blood down. (3) And one clear call for me. (4) Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper. (5) Sing a song of silliness. (6) The fair breeze blew, The white foam flew. (7) Cool, Calm and Collected. (8) Footloose and Fancy-free. (9) Lions leave the lambs alive. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(6) Repetition: Repetition of words and phrases not only serves to emphasize the meaning but often also to increase the musical effect of a poem. Examples: (1) Blow, Blow, thou winter wind. Explanation: Because the word ‘Blow’ is repeated to emphasize the force of the blowing wind. The words also increase the musical effect of the song. (2) Heigh ho! Sing Heigh ho! Explanation: ‘Heigh ho’ is repeated for the sake Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

of emphasizing the feeling of joy and also to create a musical effect. (3) Freeze, Freeze though bitter sky. Explanation: The word ‘Freeze’ is repeated to show the intensity of cold. (4) Mark of weakness, Mark of woe. Explanation: The word ‘mark’ is repeated to emphasize. For Practice: So little they rose, so little they fell. Up, up, up , the life climbs up. Heigh Tidy! Ho, Tidy! Heigh, Tidy! Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(4) Ceaseless aspiring, Ceaseless content. (5) Happy at midnight Happy by day. (6) We are the hollow men, we are the stuffed men. (7) I saw pale kings and princes too Pale warriors death pale were they all. (8) There I shut her wild, wild, eyes (9) Some say the world will end in fire Some say in ice. (10) No diabetes, No blood pressure, No heart attack. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(7) Tautology : Certain ideas are repeated which do not add to the meaning. In this figures of speech two words have one-same meaning. Examples: (1) Sign of the filth and the dirt. Explanation: Filth and dirt are synonyms. (2)With the seers and prophets, they followed him. Explanation: Seers and prophets are synonyms and having same meaning. (3) The fairy went remote and faraway. Explanation: Remote and faraway are synonyms and having same meaning. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(4) All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Explanation: The words bright and glittering which are similar in meaning and have been unnecessarily repeated. Two words are used where one would do. (5) The latest dream I ever dreamed. Explanation: There is an unnecessary repetition Of the word ‘dream’, Twp words are used where one would suffice. For Practice (1) I sojourn here, Alone and palely loitering. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) Blithesome and cheery. (3) With leaps and bounds. (4) Usual aches and pains. (5) Our progress is progressing. (6) The ship is anchored safe and sound. (B) Those Based on Contrast as Antithesis, Oxymoron, Irony, Epigram, and Paradox: Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(8)Antithesis: Contrasting idea, sharpened by the use of opposite or noticeably different meanings. When two words with opposite ideas are joined by a conjunction, it will always be Antithesis. Examples:(1) The worship that the heart lifts up, And the heavens reject not. Explanation: There is a sharp contrast between offers and rejects. (2) We are the hollow men, we are the stuffed men. Explanation: The words ‘hollow’ and ‘stuffed’ which are opposite in meaning are used to bring out a sharp contrast. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(3) Happy at midnight Happy by day. Explanation: As the words day and night are used in sharp contrast for the sake of effect. (4) Upward or downward, motion thy rest. Explanation: because the word ‘upward’ and ‘downward’ which are opposite to each other in meaning are used in sharp contrast. (5) Darkness or Sunshine, Thy element. Explanation: Because the words darkness and sunshine which are words opposite in meaning are used to bring out a sharp contrast. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(6) Old values are going, New values are coming. Explanation: There is a sharp contrast about by words ‘old and new’ as well as ‘going and coming’ which are opposite in meaning. For Practice: (1)To err is human, To forgive is divine. (2) Many are called but few are chosen. (3) Man proposes, God disposes. (4) Speech is silver but silence is Gold. (5) Mighty hearts are held in slender chains. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(6) Ring out the darkness of the land, Ring in the Christ that is to be. (7) Give every man thy ear, But few thy voice. (8) United we stand, divided we fall. (9) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. (10) Let me be rich and weary. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(9) Oxymoron: Oxy+ Moron Oxy= Opposite + Moron=Word Two Opposite Words are found together in a sentence. Special form of Antithesis where two contradictory terms are united to give the expression a point. Examples: Paralysed force Explanation: Two contradictory qualities describe one and the same thing. Paralysis and force co-exist in the same person. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2)Glorious fountain, Let my heart be, Changeful, constant upward like thee. Explanation: Because changeful and constant which are two contradictory qualities are for one and the same fountain i.e. it is constant and changeful at one and the same time. (3) And made a sweet moan. Explanation: Because the words sweet and moan which are two contradictory words and are used for one and the same thing i.e. her expression was both sweet and sad. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

For Practice: (1) My life is open secret. (2) She is the wisest fool. (3) Life is full of aching joys. (4) Their love was bitter sweet. (5) A cheerful pessimist she was. (6) He was regularly irregular. (7) This fellow is normally abnormal after the hot discussion. (8) The climax of the play was tragically comic. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(9) His philosophy is morally immoral. (10) These ideas are simply complicated for us. (11) Soon we came to experience a deafening silence. (12) It was a matter of harmonious discord. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(10) Irony: ----Irony---- Iron Ny Positive Negative With Iron will=With positive attitude . In this figure of speech a Positive sentence gives Negative stress to the meaning of a sentence. The real meaning is exactly the opposite of that which is literally conveyed. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Example: (1) I am not against. Explanation: The professor says that he is not against of family planning but the real fact is opposite of what he says for he has five children. (2) I love thee true. Explanation: The words love thee true really convey that she never loved. Exactly the opposite meaning is conveyed. (3) She is so intelligent that wisdom is invisible on the earth. (Means cunning) Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(4) Of course, these politicians were honorable last year. (Means-now having no respect) (5) In abroad, I am Indian but in India I do not know who am I. (Ridiculous fact) (6) To the English I am wog, I do not know who am I. (Ridiculous fact ) (7) But I am glad, I really am. (Ridiculous fact) (8) Doubtlessly, morality shall die to see you. (Ridiculous fact) (9) Things are going beautifully for me As they do for saints in this world. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(10) ‘Tis better to have loved and lost Than never to have loved at all. (11) Epigram: ----Epigram---- Epi Gram Surprise View/Statement Contradictory idea impossible When opposite views are presented to create surprise, it is Epigram. A brief pointed saying Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

frequently introducing antithetical ideas which excite, surprise and arrest attention. This figure of speech consists of a short saying expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way. It ends in a witty turn of thought. It may involve an apparent contradiction. However, the contradiction is not as striking as that in paradox. In fact, epigram is concerned with expressing ideas in a brief and pithy way. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Example:(1) If fraud or force attained his ends. Explanation: The figure is an epigram. It is a witty condensed remark acquiring the force of a proverb. (2) Child is the father of man. (3) Art lies in concealing art. Explanation: The thought is expressed in a clever and amusing manner. The idea is so pithy that it may take several paragraph to explain it. (4) A man cannot be too careful in the choice of friends. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: The idea is worked out in so skilful a manner that it is sure to take the reader by surprise. For Practice: (1) Vision is the art of seeing things invisible. (2) He makes no friends, Who never makes a foe (3) Fools rush in where Angels fear to tread (4) They also serve who only stand and wait. (5) Language is the art of concealing thought. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(12) Paradox: ----Paradox- Para=Truth Dox= Ridiculous Contradictory idea Possible A sentence contradicts its own idea. When truth is revealed in a ridiculous manner, it is Paradox. An apparently self-contradictory (even absurd) statement which on closer inspection is found to contain a truth reconciling the conflicting ideas. Paradox refers to the figurative use in which a statement which apparently appear absurd or Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

contradictory, is really true. Thus, it expresses a seemingly self-contradictory statement, but in reality expressing a possible truth. The seeming self-contradiction makes the paradox a forceful rhetorical device. Example: (1) One hope is too like despair. Explanation: Because the statement is absurd at first sight. How can hope be like a despair? Yet it is true for a hope with no chance of fulfillment is like despair. (2) Upward or downward motion thy rest. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: Because Motion being the rest appears absurd but yet it is true because motion means constant change and change itself is peace i.e. rest. (3) Changed every moment, ever the same. Explanation: The above statement appears absurd yet it is true. The water of the fountain keeps on changing every moment but it is the one and the same fountain. (4) Ceaseless aspiring, ceaseless content. Explanation: because being aspiring and contented , at one and same time appears Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

to be absurd yet it is true for though the fountain always aspires (yearns to go higher and higher) it is contented. It is not greedy, which craves for more and more. Hence the absurd statement is really true. For Practice: (1) A teacher must be cruel to be kind. (2) The enjoyment of a tour is the returning time to home. (3) The child is the father of man. (4) When you add to the truth, You abstract from it. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(5) Her gentleness was too hurtful to bear. (6) In the midst of the life, we are in death. (7) Stonewalls do not a prison make Nor iron bars a cage. (8) The search for happiness is one of the chief sources of unhappiness. (9) I am most faithless, When I am most true. (10) The swiftest traveler is he that goes a foot. (C) Those based on Association as Metonymy and Synecdoche: Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(13) Metonymy: (Meto + Nymy) Meto= Substitution. Nymy= Name. It is a substitution of Name. The name of an attribute or a thing is substituted for the thing itself. Example: (1) The mind forged manacles. Explanation: Because the cause manacles (chains) is used for its effect ‘the noise’ made by the chains which the poet hears. (2) The very houses seem asleep. Explanation: because the word ‘houses’ is Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Container used for contents i.e. people living in them. (3)The worship that the heart lifts up. And the heavens reject not. Explanation: Because heavens which is container is used for its content i.e. God. (4) We and the labouring world are passing by like pale waters. Explanation: Because the container ‘world’ is used instead of the content people. (5) Reaching upon the landscape of hysteria. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: The container ‘Landscape’ is used for its contents i.e. the people living in it. (6) The church blocking the Sun. Explanation: The cause ‘Sun’ is used instead of its effect ‘light’. For Practice: (1) She must address the chair. Chair= Chairman. (2) He is addicted to the bottle.(Bottle=wine). (3)The pen is mightier than the sword. (The pen=Author, The sword=Soldier) Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(4) Nobody can hurt the crown.(the crown=king) (5) The red coats have conquered the capital city. (The red coats=British soldiers) (6) The bluejackets have lost the way in the sea wave. (bluejackets=Sailors) (7) The House will oppose the budget. (House= Members of Lok Sabha) (8) From the cradle (childhood) to the grave.(death) (9) The House of Commons was in an uproar. (10) He was playing to the gallery. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(14) Synecdoche: Synec + doche Synec=Part, Doche= Whole . It is a substitution of word used as a part for the whole. In this figure of speech part of a body or object stands for the whole body. Sometimes the whole body is used to refer to its part only. Example: This nymph to the destruction of mankind. Explanation: Here the word ‘mankind’ stands for only a part i.e. a couple of young men. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) And mighty hearts are held in slender chain. Explanation: The part ‘heart stands for the whole person (body). (3) And beauty draws with a single hair. Explanation: The abstract quality of ‘beauty’ is used to symbolize a beautiful woman. (4) By force to ravish or by fraud betray. Explanation: The abstract quality ‘force’ is used to mean concrete ‘forceful action’, ‘fraud’ stands for the act of cheating or deceiving. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(5) Few ask if fraud or force attained his ends. Explanation: Abstract qualities like ‘force’ and ‘fraud’ stand for concrete things like forceful or fraudulent actions. (6) And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness marks of woe. Explanation: The part ‘face’ is meant to symbolize the whole person. (7) In every voice, in every ban. Explanation: ‘voice’ is used to mean the whole person. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(8) And all that mighty heart is lying still. Explanation: The part ‘heart’ stands for the whole city. (9) The worship that the heart lifts up And the heavens reject not. Explanation: Because ‘heart’ which is a part of a person stands for the whole person. (10) I see a lily on thy brow. With anguish moist and fever dew. Explanation: (concrete for abstract) The concrete white flower, the lily is used to signify the abstract quality of paleness. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

For Practice: And on thy cheeks a fading rose fast withereth too. Lives on this lonely face. For these red lips, with all their mournful pride. Amid men’s souls, that waver and give place. Before you were or any hearts to beat. Remember us-if at all not as lost violent souls. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(7) Our hearts are peace. (8)Devdutta’s arrow has hit the white-wing.(swan) (9) There are so many hands(workers) to work in his factory (10) O Lord, Provide every body the bread. (livelihood) (D)Those depending on construction as Climax, Anti-Climax, Hyperbole, Litotes, Euphemism, Transferred Epithet, Pun, Onomotopoeia, Interrogation, Exclamation, Anastrophe, and Internal Rhyme. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(15) Transferred Epithet: Feeling/Adjective Human feeling is transferred to non-human or non-living thing. When human feeling is transferred to non-living thing or inanimate object, it is Transferred Epithet. The Epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong. Examples: (1) I saw their starved lips in the gloam. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: The epithet ‘starved’ is transferred from the men to their lips. (2) I slept on a restless bed. Explanation: My restlessness is transferred to bed. (3) Devdutta shot the cruel arrow. Explanation: Devdatta’s cruelty transferred to arrow. (4) The night was sleepless for him. Explanation: His sleeplessness is transferred to the night. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(5) He passed many a sleepless night. Explanation: The adjective ‘sleeplessness’ is shifted from ‘He’ and placed before night which is closely lined with sleep. (6) The cloister opened her pitying gate. Explanation: The adjective ‘pitying’ is shifted from ‘cloister’ to ‘gate’. (7)Before her wandering feet. Explanation: The epithet ‘wandering’ is transferred from the person to her feet. (8) But soon are hid under the loud city. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: The epithet ‘loud’ is transferred from people ‘to the city’. (9) Those who have crossed with direct eyes, to death’s kingdom. Explanation: ‘Direct’ is transferred from people to eyes. (10) Remember us-if all not as lost violent souls. Explanation: ‘violent’ is transferred from ‘people’ to ‘souls’. For Practice: (1) He saw that the leaves were sad. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) The ploughman homeward plods his weary way. (3) But with mournful tread, Walk the deck my captain lies. (4) I saw their starved lips in the gloam. (5) Our dried voices. (16) Climax: Arrangement of a series of ideas in order of increasing importance. (Ascending Order) The writer leads up to his main point by degrees beginning with the least important idea and ending with the most important. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Examples: (1) He saw, he wished, and to the prize aspired. Explanation: The ideas are so arranged that they gradually rise in emphasis or importance. (2) No diabetes, no blood pressure, no heart attack. Explanation: Because the names of ailment follow one another in increasing order of their seriousness. (3) In his first splendeouer valley rock or hill. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: The words valley, rock and hill follow one another in the order of increasing height. (4) Sings, plays and entertains me night and day. (5) I have no rest, no joy, nor peace. (6) The street is clear, the houses fill, the noise gathers. (7) He knelt and leaned on the chair, he prayed and fell asleep. (8)And flowers and trees and beasts and man. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(9) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. (10) I came, I saw and I conquered. (11) Simple, erect, severe, austere, sublime. (12) There mark what ills the scholar’s life assail. Toil, envy, want, the patron and the jail. (13) What a piece of work is man: How noble in reason , how infinite his faculties! In action, how like an angel: In appreciation, how like God! Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(17) Anti-Climax: This figure of speech is the opposite of climax. Unlike in climax, here the least important idea is put last. This figure is mostly used deliberately for humorous effect. Sudden descent from higher to lower.(descending Order) Example: I saw pale kings and princes too, Pale warriors death-pale were they all. Explanation: Because the words kings, princes and warriors follow one another in a descending order of their rank or status. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) Others also doing well, though not so well. Explanation: Arrangement of ideas in decreasing importance. (3) Here thou, great Ann! Whom three realms obey. Dost sometimes counsel take, and sometimes tea. Explanation: We see what humorous effect the presentation creates. The more significant act of ‘taking counsel’ is followed by the less significant act of taking tea’ Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(4) Not louder strieks to pitying heavens are cast when husbands or when lap dogs breath their last. Explanation: In this example the more important event of the death of husband is presented before that of the lap-dog. Hence we have here anti-climax as figure of speech. (5)Or Stain her honour, or her new brocade. Explanation: The first part of the line speaks of an important matter like staining one’s honour which is followed by a less significant matter, namely staining one’s new brocade. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(6) He was watering flowers, buds and leaves. (7) I have read the Bible, a palmistry guide and a pocket book to know about my fortune. (8) Life is a journey from ocean to sea to river and to pond ultimately. (9) He swore by the Sun, the Moon & the Stars. (10) And thou, Dalhousie, the great God of war, Lieutenant colonel to the Earl of Mars. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(18) Hyperbole: Statement made emphatic by over statement. It is a deliberate and extravagant exaggeration. Example: (1) And beauty draws us with a single hair. Explanation: Exaggeration in draws us with a single hair. (2) Tall buildings impress me, The ones that cut off half the sky. Explanation: There is deliberate exaggeration in ‘that cut off half the sky’. The height of the building is exaggerated. They are shown so tall that they block half the sky from view. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(3) Earth has not anything to show more fair. Explanation: The beauty of the city of London is exaggerated. (4) Before me stood a mountain of a man. Explanation: There is deliberate overstatement or exaggeration. Although a man can be fat, he cannot be as huge as a mountain. (5) This book weighs a ton. Explanation: A book can not weigh a ton which in the usual sense is something incredible. Such exaggerated usages like these lead to hyperbole. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(6) She has wept an ocean of tears. (7) My hair do stand on end. (8) He made the blood to fly. (9) The blood ran down to his toes. (10) Out of the eyes of the hundred flowers. (11) You have eaten the goose with beaks and bones. (12) She is more beautiful than Venus. (13)I could sleep all years. (14) He is mightier than Mars. (15) I am able to fill it with tears. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(19) Litotes: Lie + Positive (Lie or negation): In this figure of speech a Negative sentence gives Positive stress to the meaning of a sentence. The writer affirms something by denying its opposite. Litotes speaks in negative. It is the expression of an affirmative by the negation of its opposite. Example: (1) This is no small problem. Explanation: Instead of stating ‘This is a big problem’ the writer uses the negation to express the affirmation. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) I am a citizen of no mean city. Explanation: The writer uses negation to express the affirmation, ‘I am a citizen of a great city. (3) I am not an ordinary man. Explanation: Means extra-ordinary man. (4) I am no novice in teaching. Explanation: Means very much experienced in teaching. (5) Remember us-if at all not as lost violent souls. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: The negative ‘not’ is used to emphasize the affirmative. (6) And nothing else saw all day long. Explanation: Negative ‘nothing saw’ is used to emphasize he saw only that. (7) Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! Explanation: The negative ‘never saw’, ‘never- felt’ is used to emphasize deeply felt. (8) Never did Sun more beautifully steep In its first splendour valley rock or hill. Explanation: The negative ‘never did steep’ is used to emphasize the affirmative ‘it beautifully steeped’. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(9) Earth has not anything to show more fair. Explanation: The negative ‘has not’ is used to emphasize the affirmative that it is the fairest thing. (10) Thy sting is not so sharp, As friend remembered not. Explanation: The negative ‘not so sharp’ is used to emphasize the affirmative. (11) That dost not bite so nigh, As benefits forgot. (12) My brother is not a savage(civilized) in this society. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(13) The business men are no more fools.(intelligent) (14) She is no more restless (tension-free) for her fortune. (15) His ideas are not immoral ( moral)at all. (20) Euphemism:=Eu+Phem Eu=Less, Phem= Painful/Unpleasant When a sentence expresses an unpleasant event, idea etc. in less unpleasant manner, it is Euphemism. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

The description of a disagreeable thing by an agreeable name. A harsh or a blunt fact said in pleasant words. Thus, we use milder or less blunt words or phrases instead of harsh or unpleasant words to mention Euphemism. Usually we prefer phrases such as ‘pass away’, ‘expire’, ‘breath one’s last’ etc to the word ‘die’. Example: (1) He has fallen asleep. Explanation: Instead of bluntly telling ‘He is dead’, we prefer the usage, ‘He has fallen asleep.’ Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) My father does not feel my arm, He has no pulse nor will. Explanation: We communicate in a mild manner the fact that the person concerned is dead. (3) Slight lines of hair surprise the finny prey. Explanation: In ‘surprise the finny prey’, the harsh fact that the fish are caught and killed is referred to in a pleasant way as surprising them. (4) And may there be no moaning of the bar, when I put out to sea. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: The unpleasant fact of dying is referred to pleasantly as putting out to sea. (5) I hope to see my pilot face to face, when I have crost the bar. Explanation: The unpleasant fact of dying is referred to pleasantly as ‘crossing the bar.’ (6) Troy passed away in one high funeral gleam. Explanation: The unpleasant fact that troy was burnt is referred to pleasantly as passing away in one high funeral gleam. (7) Those who have crossed with direct eyes, to death’s other kingdom. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: Pleasant way of referring to those who die by saying they have crossed into death’s other kingdom. A hard fact like ‘death’ is described quite easily and simply using the word ‘……crossed the death’s other kingdom’. (8) He passed away. (Means ‘dead’) (9) After my departure, I shall always be remembered. (death) (10) He soon fast asleep (dead) in their earthy bed. (11)When we are gone away, (dead) you shall remember us. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(12) These are his last whispering words. (at the time of his death) (13) I had heard his last grim call. (death) (14) You are telling a fairy tale.( telling lies). (21) Pun: (Plural+ One) In this figure of speech One word has two meanings. Use of a word in such a way that it is capable of more than one application, the object being to produce humorous effect. Example: (1) Now you are a man of weight and consequence, that is a good joke. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: On the double meaning of weight, ‘being heavy’ and ‘being important’. (2) I like tall stories, even though false. Explanation: On the word stories to create a humorous effect, tall has two meaning long or high and false. (3) The happiness of life depends on Liver. Explanation : Liver means (1) Part of a stomach-body and (2) One who lives – life style. (4) Rest in the body lay. Explanation: First meaning is Leisure/rest and the second meaning is part of body. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(5) This terrorist lies in the jail. Explanation: First meaning is telling lies and the second meaning is stays. (22) Onomatopoeia: On-Meto(Substitution)Poe-sound= on substitution of sound When words suggest the sense of sounds, it is Onomatopoeia. The sound of words suggesting or echoing the sense. Meaning is clear from the sound itself. Example: (1) Heigh ho sing Heigh ho. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

Explanation: ‘Heigh ho’ is a sound which suggests the expression of joy. (2) With burring furred antennae feeling its huge path. Explanation: The word ‘burring’ itself suggests the sound made by the air liner. (3) They hear the tolling bell. Explanation: The sound ‘tolling’ suggests the sense of ringing of the bell. (4) Zoom, Zoom, aeroplane flies. (5) Tidy hinched and Tidy clinched. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(6) The loose house sheet clatter and clang. (7) Blaring from the branches of trees. (8) It is the time for jingle-tinkle. (9) The open window shuts with a bang. (10) The aeroplane is zooming in the sky. (23) Interrogation: Asking of a question not for the sake of getting an answer, but to put a point more effectively. When questions are asked without expecting any answer. It is called an Interrogation. Example: (1) How will you explain the life? Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) How I can express it in words? (3) Why I love you, what can I answer? (4) Who dreamed that beauty passes like a dream? (5)What kind of place you have brought me my son? (6) Who can say who I am? (7) Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff? (8) Allow to sell me a couple? (9)What son shall I sing of you, my mother? (10) O, wind if winter comes, can Spring be far behind? Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(24) Exclamation: The exclamatory form is used to draw greater attention through surprise. Example: (1) What a horrible place! (2) What a tragic character! (3) What a pity to injure him so! (4) What an idea to get the goal! (5) Father! You come again! (6) Ah! You will miss us! (7) What a wonderful phase of life! (8)Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! (9) Head piece filled with straw, Alas! Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(25) Internal Rhyme: When two or more words rhyme within a single line of a verse, it is called Internal Rhyme. Example: (1) We whisper together, Explanation: Internal rhyme in ‘whisper’ and ‘together’ (2) Here where few houses moan with faint light, behind their blinds Explanation: Internal Rhyme in ‘light’ and ‘behind’. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(3) Behind the aerodrome where boys play all day. Explanation: Internal Rhyme in ‘play’ and ‘day’. (26) Anastrophe: Inversion of the normal order of words for a particular effect changing the prose order to suit the needs of poetry to produce a striking effect. Example: And sure in language strange she said. Explanation: Inversion in normal word i.e. language strange instead of strange language. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(2) Though thou the waters warp Explanation: The order of words is reversed , instead of saying warp (the) waters, the poet has reversed the order , put the object before its subject. This is done in order to make it rhyme with the word ‘sharp’ in the following line (3) And to the Inchcape Rock they go. Correct order: And they go to the Inchcape Rock (4) In the evening, it has died away. Correct order: It has died away in the evening. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

(5) Sunward I climb. Correct order: I climb sunward. (6) So many things you have not dreamed of. Correct order: You have not dreamed of so many things. (7) Had once been his integrity put to test. Correct order: His integrity had been once put to test. Prepared By: Dipakbhai V. Parikh (Principal, BHS. ONGC)

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