1. Class Name, Instructor Name
SEITER, CORRECTIONS: AN INTRODUCTION, 4E
Chapter 6
Parole and Prisoner Reentry
Class Name, Instructor Name
Date, Semester

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Outline the history of parole, and specify the role played by Maconochie and Crofton.
6.1
Explain the importance of the Elmira Reformatory in the early development of parole in the United States.
6.2
Discuss the operation of the medical model as it relates to the use of rehabilitation, indeterminate sentences, and parole in the United States.
6.3
Describe alternatives proposed to the use of parole and indeterminate sentences during the 1970s.
6.4
Compare and contrast the ways inmates can be released from prison, including parole, supervised mandatory release, and unconditional mandatory release.
6.5

3. Describe the prisoner reentry process.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Outline the use of parole guidelines using salient factor scores to determine parole readiness.
6.6
Describe the process of parole revocation and list the due process rights for offenders during this process.
6.7
6.8
Describe the prisoner reentry process.
Identify how the process of prisoner reentry is different today from twenty years ago.
6.9
Summarize the issues associated with prisoners reentering the community.
6.10

4. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.1
Outline the history of parole, and specify the role played by Maconochie and Crofton.

5. 6.1 History of Parole 1840 Alexander Maconochie British penal colony
Advocated indeterminate sentences
Developed a “mark system” where inmates could earn early release

6. 6.1 History of Parole 1854 Sir Walter Crofton
Director, Irish Penal System
Created a four-stage system of graduated release
Inmates who were released early from confinement had low rates of recidivism

7. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.2
Explain the importance of the Elmira Reformatory in the early development of parole in the United States.

8. 6.2 Elmira Reformatory Elmira Reformatory 1876 Classification system
Used the Irish system
Inmates earned privileges
NY created the first parole authority

9. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.3
Discuss the operation of the medical model as it relates to the use of rehabilitation, indeterminate sentences, and parole in the United States.

10. 6.3 The Medical Model Post-World War II
Development of the Medical Model
Dangerous inmates could be incarcerated longer with a determinate sentence
Parole Boards ensure that inmates have plans for release to the community
With parole board review, inmates have an incentive for good behavior
Parole allows for supervision of an inmate while in the community

11. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.4
Describe the alternatives proposed to the use of parole and indeterminate sentences during the 1970s.

12. Alternatives to Parole and Indeterminate Sentencing
6.4
Alternatives to Parole and Indeterminate Sentencing
1970s
Justice Model
Determinate sentences
No parole
Treatment voluntary
Just Deserts Model
Punishment should fit the crime
Determinate sentences based solely on the severity of the crime
Discretionary Parole
The parole board makes the decision on early release

13. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.5
Compare and contrast the ways inmates can be released from prison, including parole, supervised mandatory release, and unconditional mandatory release.

14. Inmates serve a portion
6.5
Prisoner Reentry
Unconditional
Mandatory
Release
Inmates serve a portion
of their sentence,
but may be released by
a parole board
without community
supervision
Supervised
Mandatory
Release
Inmates serve a
determinate
sentence followed by
mandatory community
supervision
vs.

15. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.6
Outline the use of parole guidelines using salient factor scores to determine parole readiness.

16. 6.6
Parole Guidelines
Parole Commission and Reorginizatrion Act of 1976 mandated that the U.S. Parole Commission use guidelines to determine an inmate’s release on parole.
The “salient factor score” was developed.
Prior convictions
Age at current offense
Escape status
Prior incarcerations
Recent commitment-free period
Older offender?

17. 6.6
Parole Guidelines
Concerns when moving away from indeterminate sentencing:
Inmates typically serve shorter sentences
Without parole, inmates are unaccountable
Eliminating parole does not eliminate discretionary release
Parole boards reduce disparity
Parole boards serve as a safety valve for overcrowding
Abolishing parole can lead to abandonment of post-release supervision

18. 6.6
Parole Guidelines
Figure 6.4

19. Parole Boards Autonomous
6.6
Parole Guidelines
Hearing Officers
Some states use hearing officers to make recommendations to parole boards
Minimal Due Process
Not all states allow inmates to have legal representation
Parole Boards Autonomous
Parole boards are often made up of members who are political appointees

20. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.7
Describe the process of parole revocation and list the due process rights for offenders during this process.

21. 6.7
Parole Revocation
After classification, parolees are assigned a supervision level
Basic Low
No contacts required
One drug test per month
Basic Medium
One contact per month
Drug tests twice monthly
Basic High
Three contacts per month
Drug tests three times monthly
Intensive
Five contacts per month
Four drug tests per month

22. 6.7
Parole Revocation
Table 6.4

23. 6.7
Parole Revocation
Just as with probation, an offender’s parole can be revoked.
Parole modified to add conditions, or
yes
Is there a parole violation?
Does the offender stipulate to a violation?
yes
yes
Revocation hearing no
Preliminary
Revocation
Hearing;
Probable cause?
yes
Notice of violation; arrest
Full hearing

24. Legal Protection of Parolees
6.7
Parole Revocation
Morrissey v. Brewer
(1972)
Parole creates liberty
Interest which triggers
due process for
revocation to
occur
Legal Protection of Parolees

25. Describe the prisoner reentry process.
Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.8
Describe the prisoner reentry process.

26. Parole and Prisoner Reentry
6.8
Parole and Prisoner Reentry
During 2010, 708,677 prisoners were released by American prisons.
These offenders face a multitude of challenges, including:
Employment
Homelessness
Lack of needed skills
Lack of family/broken connections
Guerino, Harrison, and Sabol, “Prisoners in 2010,” p. 5.

27. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.9
Identify how the process of prisoner reentry is different today from twenty years ago.

28. Parole and Prisoner Reentry
6.9
Parole and Prisoner Reentry
Pre-1980s
Used the medical model, focused on inmate rehabilitation
1980s-Present
Determinate sentencing
Evidence-based programming

29. Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes
6.10
Summarize the issues associated with prisoners reentering the community.

30. Reentry into the Community
6.10
Reentry into the Community
Progress in Prisoner Reentry
Treatment
Job Training
Mentoring
Programming for children of inmates
Early release for older inmates
Job
Training

31. CHAPTER SUMMARY
Alexander Maconochie developed the “mark system,” which allowed inmates to earn early release from prison. Walter Croton implemented many of Maconochie’s ideas to create the precursor of parole we use today.
6.1
In 1876, the Elmira Reformatory in New York is recognize as the first American prison to institute parole; however, it was not until 1930 that an independent parole authority was created.
6.2
The medical model of studying criminal behavior prior to the 1980s theorized that offenders had an environmental or psychological condition which caused their criminal behavior.
6.3
The medical model was abrogated in the 1980s in favor of a return to classical criminology: let the punishment fit the crime.
6.4

32. CHAPTER SUMMARY
Currently parole exists in the form of supervised mandatory release and unsupervised mandatory release.
6.5
The U.S. Parole Commission developed the use of the salient factor score to assist parole boards in determining who should be released on parole.
6.6
All parolees have certain standard conditions which must be complied with and additional conditions can be added to meet the special circumstances and needs of an offender.
6.7
Prisoners reentering communities experience many challenges, including homelessness, lack of employment, and cultural changes.
6.8

33. CHAPTER SUMMARY
With the current emphasis on evidence-based programming, prisons now include more programs in prison to aid parolees to be successful.
6.9
Those parolees who are successful when returned to the community have had regular contact with their families while in prison, have participated in job training, education, and substance abuse programs before release.
6.10