Sociology 101 John J. Macionis.

Sociology 101 John J. Macionis

The Foundations of Sociology Ch. 1 The Sociological Perspective
2. Country Income Levels 3. Stereotype 4. Theory A, B, and C.

Sociology: is the systematic study of human society Sociological perspective: sociology’s special point of view that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.

The Importance of a Global Perspective High-Income Countries: High Standard of living Produce most of the worlds goods and service Economically, people lucky not smartest. 76 countries that include: United States, Canada, Argentina, Western Europe, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Japan, and Australia.

The importance of Global Perspective Middle-income countries: living standards are average rural cities, ride scooters, bicycles 8 years of schooling large amounts of social inequalities 70 nations Eastern Europe, some of Africa and most of Latin America.

The Importance of a Global Perspective Low-income countries Poor housing unsafe water, too little food, little chance to improve their lives. 48 countries Africa and few in Asia

Every chapter makes a comparison between the US and other nations, because 1. Where we live shapes the lives we lead. 2.Societies throughout the world are increasingly interconnected (immigrants bring skills, knowledge, and diversity of food). 3. What happens in the rest of the world affects life here( most new jobs in US involve global understanding) 4. Many social problems that we face in the US are far more serious elsewhere ( poverty and gender inequality is greater elsewhere) 5. Thinking globally helps us learn more about ourselves.(differences in how we approach poverty here and abroad)

Theory: a statement of how and why specific facts are related. Theory A: The Structural-Functional Approach Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability Theory B: The Social-Conflict Approach Sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. Theory C :The Symbolic-Interaction Approach Sees society as the product of the everyday interaction of the individual.

The Foundations of Society Ch. 1 The Sociological Perspective
Stereotype: a simplified description applied to every person in some category.

The Sociological Perspective Ch. 2 Sociological Investigation
Chapter Two Key Terms 1.Positivist sociology 2.Interpretive Sociology 3. Correlation 4. Hawthorne Effect 5. Inductive and Deductive Thought

Three Ways to Do Sociology Research 1. Positivist Sociology: a systematic observation of social behavior Assumes an objective reality exists out there Measurements from manipulated variables and concepts (data) Numerical measures. More likely to use surveys, questionnaires, or previously collected/stored data Empirical Evidence ( uses the senses)

Three Ways to Do Sociology Research 2. Interpretive sociology: Interpretation of the meaning people attach to their social world Just not observe but asks why they do it Thoughts and Feelings are important. Gathers empirical evidence: use of senses (seeing, hearing, touching, smelling)

Three Ways to Do Sociology Research Positivist researcher VS Interpretive researcher Positivists focuses on actions on what people do whereas the Interpretive researcher people’s understanding of their actions and surroundings. Positivist claim that objective reality exists whereas the interpretive researcher reality is subjective and constructed by people in the course of their everyday lives Positivist research VS Interpretive research Positivist tends to favor quantitative data, whereas the interpretive favor qualitative data. Positivist is best performed in laboratory whereas Interpretive learn by interacting with people

Three Ways to Do Sociology Research 3. The Critical Sociologist : focuses on the need for social change asks moral and political questions Believe they should be social activist in pursuit of greater social equality. All research is political or bias , either it calls for change or it does not. Political range from liberal to radical left.

Issues Affecting Sociological Research Gender: the most affected issue in research. Because of: Androcentricity: focus on male Overgeneralizing: conclusions for all humanity based on an all male study Gender Blindness: fails to see how women are affected (ex: elderly men) Double Standards: judge women and men differently ( ex: man more important in a family study) Interference : gender of researcher may limit access to participants.

Research Methods A research method: a systematic plan for doing research. t:

Examples of a sociological research studies. The Hawthrone Effect 1930’s Western Electric Company Increase lighting will increase productivity Decreased lighting also increased productivity A change in a subject’s behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied. The Standford County Prison

Building A Theory Inductive Logical Thought: transforms specific observation into general theory . Deductive Logical Thought: transforms general theory into specific hypothesis suitable for testing.

Correlation

The Foundations of Society Ch. 3 Culture
Chapter 3 Key Terms 1.Culture 2. Values 3. Beliefs 4. Norms 5. Cultural Diversity 6. Four Theories of Culture

What is Culture? The ways of thinking. The ways of acting. The material objects that together form a people’s way of life. Nonmaterial culture: ideas created by members of society. Material culture: physical things created by members of society.

The Elements of Culture Symbols: anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture ( ex: flag, words, whistle, cyber symbols, red light) Culture shock: do not understand symbols of a culture ( dogs). Language: a system of symbols that allows people to communicate. Values: culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines. Beliefs: specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true. Norms: rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World High Culture: social patterns of the elite ex: Violin vs Fiddle Popular Culture: widespread among society Subculture :patterns that set apart some segments of a society’s population; ex: choppers, yoga, fans, beach crowd, homeless Confucius: all people are the same, it’s only their habits that are different. Multiculturalism: promoting equality for all cultural traditions. Eurocentrism VS Afrocentrism

Theories of Culture Structural-Functional Theory The Functions of Culture Cultural values direct our lives, give meaning to what we do and bind people together ; supports operations of society. Thinking functionally helps us understand unfamiliar ways of life. Other cultural traits have various functions that support the operation of society. Ex: Amish lifestyle Culture are strategies for meeting human needs. One common element: family control reproduction and oversee care of children. Culture guides funerals

Theories of Culture Social-Conflict Theory: Inequality and Culture . Any cultural trait benefits some members of society at the expense of others. Culture is shaped by a society’s system of economic production Societies system of material production has a powerful effect on the rest of a culture Our (USA) cultural values of competiveness and material success; serves interest of wealthy elite. Teaches us to think rich and powerful work harder thus deserve wealth and privileges. Example of movement for social change: Civil Rights and Woman’s Movement.

Theories of Culture Feminist Theory: Gender and Culture Gender refers to personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. Men have greater access to the workforce, political system, and household. Feminist claim culture is “gendered”. Claim male domination is natural thus cannot be changed

Theories of Culture Sociobiology: Evolution and Culture A theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture. Charles Darwin and natural selection Reproduce themselves, blueprint for reproduction is genes, random variation is genes allow a species to ‘try out” new life patterns in a particular environment through survival or expire genes, good genes are passed, thousands of generation allows genes of survival to dominate. We are all humans member of a single biological species.

The Foundations of Society Ch. 4. Society
Key Terms Gerhard Lenski Karl Marx Max Weber Emile Durkheim

Gerhard Lenski: Society and Technology Technological development has shaped the history of human societies. Sociocultural evolution: changes that occur as a society gains new technology. Hunting and Gathering societies: making use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food. Horticultural and Pastoral societies: hand tools to raise crops. Agrarian Societies: large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful sources. Industrial Societies: advanced sources of energy to drive big machinery. Postindustrial societies: production of information using computer technology.

Gerhard Lenski: Society and Technology The Limits of Technology No quick fix for social problems More personal freedom but lack a sense of community (preindustrial life) Nuclear weapon can take us back to stone age. Damages to planet, poisoning planet Consuming limited resources Extinction of necessary plants and animals

Karl Marx: Society and Conflict Importance of class conflict to the historical development of human societies. Karl Marx: ( ) defined society in terms of class conflicts Died at age 65 lived in London British Empire most productive years Riches ended up in hands of a few Observed the difference in rich and poor and how it changed social situation.

Karl Marx: Society and Conflict Importance of class conflict to the historical development of human societies. Conflict and Capitalism Capitalist vs Proletarians Communism: people commonly own and equally share food and other things they produce. Bourgeoise: upper-commercial class, big business owners Class Conflict: conflict between classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power.

Karl Marx: Society and Conflict Importance of class conflict to the historical development of human societies Karl Marx and the Making of a Revolution Become aware of their oppression Organize and act to address problem False consciousness vs class consciousness Worker’s recognition of themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and ultimately to the market approach/capitalism. Overcome alienation by uniting into a true social class, aware of the cause of their problems and ready to change society.

Karl Marx: Society and Conflict Importance of class conflict to the historical development of human societies. Capitalism causes Alienation. Alienation from the act of working. no say in what and how to make, repetition, loss of creativity Alienation from the products of work. product belongs to owner not worker Alienation from other workers competitive workers, no bonds, little chance for companionship. Alienation from human potential. No fulfillment, no mental or physical growth.

Max Weber: The Rationalization of Society Importance of Ideas to the Development of Human Societies died at 56 Agreed with Carl Marx but focused on IDEALISM How human ideas, beliefs and values, shape society. Rationalization: historical change from tradition to rational Traditional thought: pre-industry, values and beliefs passed from generation Rational thought: emphasize deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task.

Max Weber: The Rationalization of Society Importance of Ideas to the Development of Human Societies. Modern society a product of a new way of thinking Industrial Revolution and Capitalism created modern rationality Rationalization of society: the historical change from tradition to rationality as a main type of human thought. Max Weber “ believed in Capitalism” vs Karl Marx said “it did not meet needs of people”.

Max Weber: The Rationalization of Society Importance of Ideas to the Development of Human Societies. Protestantism and Capitalism Crash Course

Emile Durkheim: Society and Function Social bonds typical of traditional and modern societies. Structure-Function-Personality France ( ) Died 59 To love society is to love something beyond us and something in ourselves. Structure: Society beyond ourselves. Here long before we were born. Society bigger thus controls thoughts and action Society takes on a life of its own and demands a measure of obedience from creators

Emile Durkheim: Society and Function Social bonds typical of traditional and modern societies. Function: society as a system Operations of society as a whole Crime: only by defining acts as wrong do people construct and defend morality Crime is not abnormal

Emile Durkheim: Society and Function Social bonds typical of traditional and modern societies. Personality: Society in Ourselves Society in ourselves: it nurtures how we think and feel Society needs restraints because we are creatures who want more and more. Suicide : higher rates of suicide self destruction; enormous freedom of the young and rich and famous carries a high price in terms of suicide.

Emile Durkheim: Society and Function Social bonds typical of traditional and modern societies. Evolving Societies: The Division of Labor. Mechanical solidarity : social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values, that are strong among members of preindustrial societies. Organic solidarity: social bonds based on specialization and interdependence, that are among members of industrial societies.

Emile Durkheim: Society and Function Social bonds typical of traditional and modern societies.

The Foundations of Society Ch. 5 Socialization
Key Terms: Personality Freud Piaget Kohlberg Erickson.

Social Experience: The key to our humanity Socialization: the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential Personality: a person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.

Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud’s Elements of Personality ( ) 83 years old. Sexual or emotional bonding: EROS ( life instinct Aggressive drive: Thantos (death instinct) operates at an unconscious level that creates deep inner tension. ID: basic drives , unconscious, demands immediate satisfaction Ego: conscious effort to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives Superego: cultural values and norms internalized

Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development The sensorimotor stage The Preoperational Stage The Concrete Operational Stage The Formal Operational Stage. History of Piaget. Rap Song

Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development. Preconventional Level: rightness as what feels good to me(child-proof homes) Conventional: lose selfishness, learn to define right and wrong by what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms Postconventional :move beyond society’s norms: abstract ethical principles Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development. --Justice based morality VS Care based morality

Understanding Socialization Erick H. Erickson’s Eight Stages of Development Disney Pixar and Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Development (Page. 120)

Agents of Socialization The Family: most important agent The School: joins family in socializing gender roles The Peer Group: same interest, social position, and common age The Mass Media: delivering impersonal communications to a vast amount of people. Introduce people to ideas and images that reflect the larger society and entire world.

The Foundation of Society Ch. 6 Social Interaction in Everyday Life
Key Terms Status Role Thomas Theorm Dramaturgical analysis Social construct of Feelings Gender Humor

Social Structure : A Guide to Everyday Living What is Status Status: a social position that a person holds. A social identity and helps define our relationship to others. Status set: all the statuses a person hold at a given time. changes over life. Ascribed Status: receives at birth or involuntary change. Achieved Status: reflects skills and effort, voluntary change Master Status: a status that has special importance for social identity , often shaping a person’s entire life.

Social Structure : A Guide to Everyday Living What is Role? Role. Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. ex: uncle’s responsibility based on culture. Role Set: different role behaviors attached to a single status. Ex: mothers, wife, professor, researcher. Role Conflict: conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses . Ex: work and family Role Strain: tension among the roles connected to a single status. Ex: various roles attached to one status Role Exit: disengage from important social roles.

The Social Construction of Reality: is the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction. The Thomas Theorem: The objective reality of a situation doesn't matter as much as someone's perception of what someone believes is happening. EX: Iraq war and methods of mass destruction. Self-fulfilling Prophecy. Street Smarts: form of constructing reality, creatively (page 141).

Dramaturgical Analysis: the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. The Presentation of Self: a person’s efforts to create specific impressions in the mind of others. Impression management. Performance Gender and Performance: Gender is one of the key elements in the presentation of self. Demeanor: more powerful more freedom. Use of space: men command more space Staring, smiling, and touching: men stare to claim social dominance, women smile more, men make first act of touching because of dominance.

Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Emotions-Language-Humor Emotions: The Social Construction of Feelings Six basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. Culture defines what triggers, display and value emotions. Language: The Social Construction of Gender Language communicates not only surface-reality but deeper levels of meaning. Men use language to control surroundings Women keep or combine last names Language mirrors social attitude and helps perpetuate them. Two sexes speaking different languages.

Interaction in Everyday Life: Three Applications Emotions-Language-Humor Reality Play: The Social Construction of Humor Foundation: unexpected violation of cultural patterns, contradictions, ambiguities, and double meaning. Dynamics: conventional and unconventional realities. Functions: safety value, sensitive topics, relieve tension. Conflicts: put down another person, hostility, make fun of powerful.

The Foundations of Society Ch. 7 Groups and Organizations
Key Terms Social groups Group Leadership Role and Style Group Conformity Experiments Group-Think Bureaucracy Bureaucratic ritualism Scientific Management

Social Groups Primary Groups: a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationship. Ex: family Secondary Groups: large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. EX: work, formal & polite, women’s group. Group Leadership:3 types Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez-faire. Group Conformity: Group influence the behavior of their members by promoting conformity. Asch’s Research Candide Camera Milgram’s research

Group Leadership Role and Style TWO LEADERSHIP ROLES Instrumental: focus on the completion of task Expressive: focus on group’s well-being Leader or Manager? THREE LEADERSHIP STYLES Authoritarian Leadership: takes personal charge of decision making and demands group obey orders Democratic Leadership: more expressive and includes everyone in decision making. Laissez-Faire: “ leave it alone” let people function on own.

Social Groups Groupthink: the tendency of groups members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue. Ex board members Reference Groups: a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions. Ex: dress for an interview, strategy to win acceptance. In-Groups: member feels respected and loyalty Out-Groups: persons feels a sense of competition or opposition: ex: negative and positive evaluation of other groups. Group Size: increase in size, square # of relationships, dyad= very intense, Triad= mediator , more stable.

Formal Organizations: large secondary organized to achieve their goals efficiently. Types of Formal Organizations: Utilitarian :individual choice, business or government. Normative: purse a goal, voluntary ex: PTA, political, religious. Coercive: involuntary, prison, psych ward, draft ex: hospital Characteristics of Bureaucracy: model rationality designed to perform tasks efficiently. (specialization, hierarchy of positions, rules and regulations, technical competence, impersonality, forma and written communication)

Problems of Bureaucracy Bureaucratic alienation: dehumanize the people it is suppose to serve. Example the US Army accidently sent letters to family members of solders killed in Iraq and Afghanistan addressing the recipient as “John Doe” Bureaucratic inefficiency and Ritualism: a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization’s goals. Ex: Post Office kept mailing letters to Osama bin Laden. Bureaucratic inertia: tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves. EX: agriculture office in every state?

The Evolution of Formal Organizations Scientific Management: application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization. (Mangers observe tasks, perform each job more efficiently, provide guidance and incentives.) The First Challenge: Race and Gender: 1960 unfair hiring practices. Patterns of privilege and exclusion, women better at communication. The Second Challenge: The Japanese Work Organization (1980) strong collective spirit, give same salary and responsibility, hire for life, all phases of operations, quality circles, home mortgages. The Third Challenge: The Changing Nature Of Work : Global, (creative freedom, competitive work teams, flatter organization, greater flexibility)

The Foundations of Society Ch. 8 Sexuality and Society
Key Terms Primary sex characteristics Secondary sex characteristics Sexual orientation Theories of sexuality.

Sexuality is both biological and a cultural issue. Understanding Sexuality Sex: A Biological Issue SEX: the biological distinction between females and males. 23 matching chromosomes in female ovum and male sperm. Male =XY Female = XX Sex and the Body Primary Characteristics: genitals , organs used for reproduction Secondary Characteristics: bodily development Gender: is an element of culture, traits, and behavior. Responsibilities, opportunities, privilege assigned to gender. Intersexual People: genitalia both male and female characteristics (Hermorphidiites)

Sexuality is both biological and a cultural issue. Understanding Sexuality Sex: A cultural Issue Cultural variation: Alfred Kinsey(1948) most heterosexual couples reported having intercourse in a single position, face to face. South Seas The Incest Taboo A norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. Half states outlaw marriage between first cousins Navajo North American apply incest only to mother and relatives on her side. Peru and ancient Egypt form brother –sister marriages for power. Reproduction raises odds of mental or physical abnormalities Confuse kinships

Changes in sexuality in the United States. Sexual Attitudes in the United States The Sexual Revolution Roaring Twenties: 1920s Millions of young adults moving to cities. Alfred Kinsey: (1948)began openness toward the topic. Technology: 1960’s birth control, women behavior, more openness. The Sexual Counterrevolution 1980s a return to family values, sexually transmitted disease Premarital Sex Born in early 1900 (50% of men and 6% of women) before 19yo Baby-boomers increase in females, oral sex exaggerated fear of STD

Changes in sexuality in the United States. Sexual Attitudes in the United States Sex between Adults Married partners have most sex and most satisfied physically and emotionally. Extramarital Sex Norm of fidelity within marriage strong element in USA Report of infidelity higher among men, among young, among lower status, no religious affiliation, low level of happiness in marriage. Sex and the Life Course Age 16 active, 25 active with a partner, 40 intercourse 64X a year, 60 one or more times a year.

Factors that shape sexual orientation. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation: A person’s romantic and emotional attraction to another person. Heterosexual: sexual attraction to someone of the other sex Homosexuality: sexual attraction to someone of the same sex Bisexuality: attraction to people of both sexes. Among the ancient Greeks, upper-class men considered homosexuality the highest form of relationship because they saw women as intellectually inferior. What gives us a Sexual Orientation A product of society: homosexuality gained special identity over a century ago, Sibera: one man dresses as a women an does housework New Guinea: young men perform oral sex in belief that semen will make them more masculine Mexico ( southeastern) ancient religion recognizes gods who are both male and female A product of Biology: sexual orientation is innate. Hypothalamus , part of brain that regulates hormones Distinctive genetics: high level of gay relatives on mother’s side, gay gene or a biological development of hormones and brain.

Sexual Orientation How Many Gay People are there? Kinsey estimated that about 4 percent male and 2 percent females have an exclusively same sex orientation. Scientist say the gay population could be as high as 10%. The Gay Rights Movement Greater acceptance, 2014 figure show ¾ college students support same-sex marriage. Middle of 20th century changes began, no longer a mental illness or a crime. Transgender: appearing or behaving in ways that challenge conventional cultural norms concerning how females and males should look and act. Not a sexual orientation. Estimates 3 in every 1000 adults have transgender identity. Youtube: Five Genders? | National Geographic

Sexual Issues and Controversies Current controversies involving sexuality Teen Pregnancy Biologically mature but not emotionally mature to appreciate consequences All racial and ethnic categories, low level of parental education and income increase likelihood of teen pregnancy. Pregnancy rate higher in 1950s, married younger, no abortion, birth control Pornography Sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal. US Supreme Court gives local communities the power to decide for themselves what violates community standards. Not seen as a moral issues but a power issue because it degrades women, playthings. Most people view pornography as an encouragement of rape. Principles of free speech and protection of artistic expression. Prostitution The selling of sexual services. World’s oldest profession Types of Prostitution: Call girls(elite escort services),massage parlors (brothels) Streetwalkers. A victimless crime: no obvious victim, poor women trapped (Thailand, 2 million or 10% of women in labor force) suffer physical and emotional abuse, become infected with HIV or other STD. The Johns? Sexual Violence: Rape and Date Rape Rape: an expression of power, sex to hurt, humiliate or control reports a year, men 11% of cases not homosexual but domination. Date Rape: forcible sexual violence against women by men the know, 10% high school students, college higher levels.

Theories of Sexuality Sociology’s major theories to the topic of sexuality. Structural-Functional Theory: Social Patterns The need to regulate sexuality: condemn married people from having sex with someone else. Sexual passion unchecked threatens family life. Once birth control lead to more permissive society. Latent Functions: The case of prostitution: one way to meet sexual needs of soldiers, travelers, not physically attractive, too poor to marry. Sex without hassle of a relationship. Don’t pay for sex, but pay to leave. Symbolic-Interaction Theory: How people interact. The social construction of sexuality: construct different realities, understanding of sexuality changes over time. Virginity was a strong norm due to lack of birth control. 12th century enact celibacy for priest. Believe children should be educated about sex before teens. Global comparison: New Guinea ignored sexual activity with young children, issues of male and female circumcision. Social-Conflict and Feminist Theories: Dimensions of inequality. Sexuality: reflecting social inequalities More likely to arrest female and not the John, economic opportunities equal to Johns? People as less worthy Sexuality: creating social inequalities Devalues women into objects, women forced on pleasing men, men have power over women, women’s reproduction ruled by men, Viagra and letter from sex partner, sport or violence verbs, reproductive justice Queer Theory Heterosexual dominating homosexual. Heterosexism , not heterosexual labeled queers,

The Foundations of Society Ch. 9 Deviance
Key Terms Theories of deviance Structural-functional theory Symbolic-interaction theory Theories of class, race, gender Criminal justice system

What is Deviance? Social Control : attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior. Parental process Criminal justice system The organizations, police, courts, and prison officals that respond to alleged violations of the law. (roots of deviance are deep in society). The Biological Context Cesare Lombrosco ( ) low foreheads, prominent jaws and cheekbones, hairiness and long arms. Ape-like William Sheldon: muscular bodies. Parents distant self from powerful built boys who show less sensitivity. Self –fulfilling prophecy of becoming bullies Genetics study, 25 years, 400 boys results show defective genes and environmental factors as good predictors of crime and violence. Personality Factors -Deviance viewed as unsuccessful socialization. -Reckless and Dinitz study (1967) good boys displayed strong conscience (superego). Bad boys weaker conscience displayed little tolerance of frustration, out of step with conventional culture. -Levels of self –control, ability to withstand frustration, and ability to delay gratification.

Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Emile Durheim’s Basic Insight : Deviance affirms cultural values and norms There can be no good without evil and no justice without crime. Deviance is needed to define and support morality. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries By defining individuals as deviant, people draw a boundary between right and wrong. Responding to deviance brings people together People react to deviance with shared outrage, “ the moral ties that bind them. Demonstration against deadly force. Deviance encourages social change. Alternatives to status quo and encourage change. “Today’s deviance can become tomorrows morality” The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay: created deviance to clarify their moral boundaries. “the upright man judges his smallest failing with a severity”.

Structural-Functional Theories: The Functions of Deviance Merton’s Strain Theory Society can be set up that encourages too much deviance . Society must provide means (schooling & job) to achieve cultural goals (financial success). Conformity: reaching cultural goals through approved means. RESPONSE TO FAILURE Innovation: using unconventional means (street crime). Ritualism: not rich but stick to rule to feel respectable. Retreatism: reject cultural and conventional living a drop-out: alcoholism, drug addicts, and homeless Rebellion: form counter culture supporting alternatives to the existing social order. Deviant Substructure Conflict subcultures: armed street gangs Retreatist subcultures: drop-out, alcoholism or drug addicts. Lower class youths have least opportunities, neglected by society. Walter Miller: 1) conflict with teachers and police, 2) toughness value 3)smartness able to survive streets, 4) a need for excitement, thrills of danger, 5) belief in fate, people lack control over own lives, 6) a desire for freedom often expressed as anger toward authority figures.

Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance Labeling Theory: the idea that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions. Primary and Secondary Deviance: skipping school and underage drinking: adult notices then individual may take on deviant identity ie, dressing, talking, rejecting people. Change in self-concept is secondary deviance. Stigma A powerful negative label that greatly changes a person’s self concept and social identity. Degradation ceremony: criminal trail, HS graduation in reverse, see negative terms. Retrospective and Projective Labeling Retrospective: thinking back about a person’s behavior. Projective: stigmatizing a person’s future. Labeling Difference as Deviance Too quick to label mental illness as deviant (homeless). Eccentric lady

Symbolic-Interaction Theories: Defining Deviance The Medicalization of Deviance The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition. Alcoholics as morally weak people easily tempted by the pleasure of drink, obesity, drug addiction, sexual promiscuity. The Difference Labels Make. 1) Who responds to deviance police or clinical specialist. 2) how people respond; punishment or treatment. 3) personal competence of the deviant person: take responsibility for behavior. Competent or incompetent. Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory A person’s tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior. Peer group encourage behavior. Hirschi’s Control Theory 1) attachment: strong or weak relationships. 2) Opportunity availability 3) Involvement: involved in legitimate activities or just hanging out. 4)Belief: morality/respect or left unsupervised.

Theories of Class, Race, and Gender: Deviance and Inequality Deviance and Power 1)Norms reflect the interest of the rich. 2) powerful have resources to resist deviant labels. 3) widespread belief that norms and laws are natural and good masks their political character. Deviance and Capitalism Deviant labels are applied to people who interfere with capitalism. 1) capitalism is based on private control of wealth. Poor who steal from rich are deviants. Bad landlords are just doing business 2) people who cannot or will not work risk being labeled deviant. 3) capitalism depends on respect for authority. 4) anyone who challenges the capitalistic status quo is labeled a deviant. White Collar Crime A crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupation. Corporate Crime The illegal actions of a corporate or people acting on its behalf. Organized Crime A business supplying illegal goods or services Race-Conflict Theory: Hate Crimes A hate crime is a criminal act against a person or a person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or othe bias. Feminist Theory: Deviance and Gender : constraints on women

Crime Types of Crime Crime against the person: crime that direct violence or the threat of violence against others Crimes against property: crimes the involve theft of property belonging to others. Victimless crimes: violation of law in which there are no obvious victims; drugs, prostitution, gambling. Criminal Statistics Victimization survey found twice as many serious crimes than reported by police. The Street Criminal: A Profile Age: rise in adolescence , and fall as they get older Gender: men arrested 2 times more often , gap is narrowing Social Class: street crime high among lower class. Race and ethnicity: 1) race is related to social standings, 2) single parenting . 3) prejudice among police. 4) drunk driving and white collar crime; proportion of white increase substantially. Crime in Global Perspective

The U.S. Criminal System Operations of the criminal justice system Due Process: 1) fair notice of legal proceeding.2) opportunity to present a defense during a hearing. 3) judge or jury that weighs the evidence impartially. Police Maintain public order by enforcing the law. Courts An adversarial process involving attorneys, one representing the defendant and another representing the state in the presence of a judge who monitors legal procedures. Punishment Retribution: an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer a s much as the suffering caused by the crime. Moral Balance. Deterrence: the attempt to discourage criminality through the use if punishment. Execution and physical mutilation replaced with imprisonment. Rehabilitation: reforming the offender to prevent later offenses. Societal Protection: rendering an offender incapable of further offense temporally through imprisonment or presently by execution. The Death Penalty: 1) crime rate down less interest in server punishment.2) applied unjustly, 3) more life in prison sentences, 4) high cost of prosecuting capital cases Community-Based Corrections: correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls. 1) probation 2) shock probation( prison and probation) 3) Parole: release but under supervision of parole officer.

Part ll Social Stratification
The focus of the next six chapters on social stratification is very important because our social standing affects almost everything about our lives.

Part II Social Stratification
Ch. 10 Social Stratification Ch. 11Social Class in the United States Ch. 12 Global Stratification Ch. 13 Gender Stratification Ch. 14 Race and Ethnicity Ch. 15 Aging and the Elderly

Social Inequality Ch. 10 Social Stratification
Key Terms Social stratification Caste and class system Social inequality Conspicuous consumption Meritocracy

What is social stratification? Four Principles that underlie social stratification. Social stratification is a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. Social stratification is a trait of society , not simply a reflection of individual differences. Able to do better because of privileged status. The system shapes the lives of us all. Social stratification carries over from generation to generation Social mobility: change in position within the social hierarchy. Move downward or horizontally. Social standing of most stays the same over time Social stratification is universal but variable What is unequal. How unequal. Prestige –Wealth- Power. Social stratification involves not just inequality but belief as well. Define these relationships as fair, how and why differ based on society

Caste and Class Systems Closed system: allow for little change in social position = Caste System Open system: permits much more social mobility= Class System. The Caste System: based on ascription or birth. An Illustration: India caste system part of everyday life Four main caste systems and hundreds of sub-caste groups 1)Each family perform one type of work. 2) marry others in same ranking selected by parents. 3)norms reinforce belief of purer higher caste and polluted lower class Agrarian life VS industrial cities: need of people on farm, city more choices/marriage

Caste and Class Systems The Class system : social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement. Meritocracy: social stratification based on personal merit. Person’s knowledge, abilities, and effort. A pure meritocracy would have individual moving up and down the social ranking all the time. Caste system equate meritocracy with loyalty. Status Consistency: the degree of uniformity in a person’s social standing across various dimensions of social inequality. Lines between social classes are harder to define.

Caste and Class: The United Kingdom. Aristocratic England: Middle Ages, England had a aristocratic society that resembled a caste system. Aristocrats speak with authority of God. Owned most of the land & wealth Known as First estate , second estate, Dukes, Earls, Barons Believed engaging in trade was beneath them. Primogeniture (first born) land passed to oldest so or relative. Other males took honorable occupations: military, judges Women could not inherit land thus depended on security of marriage COMMONERS: serf workers little education , known as the third estate Blurring of nobility and wealthy commoners gave rise to class system. Parliament’s House of Lords: aristocrats of noble birth House of Commons: Prime minister and other leaders

Another Example: Japan 5th century, caste system, shogun, sumarai, commoners, burakunin WWII nobility lost privileges, emperor no power, centuries-old lens of caste Men dominate women in everyway, women in lower levels of corporate world Classless Society? The Former Soviet Union Russian Revolution, Karl Marx ideology , state control of economy, classless? High government, soviet intelligentsia, scientists, physicians, manual labor 1989 Eastern Europe blamed poverty on Communist party collapsed China: Emerging Social Classes 1949 took control of farms, 1978 Mao died , new leaders allowed business leaders to emerge, middle class country, returning students, well-connected people.

Theories of Social Inequality Structural-Functional Theory: The Davis-Moore Thesis Social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society. Positions a society considers more important must offer enough rewards to draw talented people . Social-Conflict Theories: Karl Marx and Max Weber Social stratification benefits some and disadvantage of others. Capitalistic society reproduces the class structure in every generation. Symbolic-Interaction Theory: Stratification in Everyday Life. Conspicuous consumption: buying and using products because of the statement they make about social position.

Social Inequality Ch. 11 Social Class in the United States
Key Terms Income wealth Intra-generational social mobility Inter-generational social mobility Poverty ( relative, absolute, feminization)

Dimensions of Social Inequality The distribution of income and wealth in the US. Income Income: earnings from work or investments. 2013 median income $63,815, top 20% median income $207,000, bottom 20% an average of $16,000. During recent decades income inequality has increased Very rich people receive a much larger share of all incomes % to 9% 0.1 % earn 1,700,000 annually

Dimensions of Social Inequality The distribution of income and wealth in the US. Wealth Wealth is the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts is distributed more unequally: stocks, bonds, and real estate The richest 20 % of US families own 89% of the country’s wealth In 2010, average family wealth has fallen to a level not seen since mid 1990s Family value reflect value of home, cars , investments, insurance policies, retirement pensions, furniture, clothing, other personal property (-) minus the home mortgage and credit cards or other debts. Lowest ranking 40% have little to no wealth

Dimensions of Social Inequality The distribution of income and wealth in the US. Power Wealth important source of power. Small proportion of families control most of the nation’s wealth also shapes agenda of the entire society. Such concentration of wealth weakens democracy because political system serves the interest of the super-rich. Occupational Prestige We evaluate each other according to work. Occupational prestige ranking is the same in all nations, dominated by men, lowest goes to people of color. Schooling In 2013, 88% finished high school, 32% finished college, prestige & schooling.

U.S Stratification: Mert and Caste How someone’s position at birth affects social standing later in life. Ancestry More than 1/3 of our country’s riches individuals , hundreds of millions, acquired fortunes from inheritance. Race and Ethnicity Whites have higher occupational positions/ schooling than African Americans (AA). Inequality in income $41,588 AA income vs $72, 624 by non-Hispanic whites. Married couples earn more, larger single-parent families among AA. People of English ancestry have most wealth and power. Median income Hispanics was 42,269. (58%) of white income. Gender Women have less income, wealth, and occupational prestige. Single woman 2xs likely to be poor than single male.

Social Classes in the United States Various social class positions in US. Society. The Upper Class Earn at least $217,000 a year (5%). Wealth is vast. Many are business owners, executives in large corporation, senior government officials. Most white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Upper-Uppers: Blue Bloods (1%), birth & inheritance, volunteer work= networking. Lower-Uppers: working rich, earn it, new rich not accepted in exclusive clubs The Middle Class Upper-middle: range $121,000-$217,000. Attend prestigious school and prestigious careers. Average –middle: $51, 000-$121,000, own homes and retirement investment The Working Class Lower-middle class: blue collar worker, $29,000- $51,000.Less personal satisfaction. The Lower Class Makes life insecure and difficult. Recessions increase lower class records.

The Differences Class Makes Social class position affects health, values, politics, and family life. Health Lower class 13x more likely to go without needed medical attention Lower level of nutrition, more stressful environment, live 5 years less than affluent. Values and Attitudes Old people money not showoffs. New Rich have Conspicuous consumptions: Bling. Affluent more tolerant of controversial behavior such as homosexuality. Higher social standing experience more confidence in daily interaction=importance Politics Higher income lean toward Republicans, more involved in politics, Family and Gender Working class encourage children to conform to conventional norms and respect authority. Upper class: develop talents through individuality and imagination. More affluent couples are more egalitarian, same interest, & leisure activities.

Social Mobility Intra-generational social mobility: a change in social [position occurring during a person’s lifetime Inter-generational social mobility: upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents. Research on Mobility 32% of US men have same type of work as fathers 37% have upward mobility 32% have downward mobility; white to blue collar Horizontal social mobility: change jobs at same class level. General Conclusions about social mobility in US 1) Past century mobility high.2) limited movement within one class level.3) growth of white color jobs. 4) since 1970 mobility is uneven income rise and fall. 5) Recession in 2007 middle class become smaller, keeping small level of living standards has become more difficult. P. 277 .

Social Mobility Mobility by Income Level Top 5% experienced the greatest increase (p. 278) Mobility: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender White people more privileged, AA and Latinos lost incomes, women catching-up Mobility and Marriage Married and stay married 2xs more wealth. The American Dream: Still a Reality 1) Earnings have stalled. 2) more jobs offer little income. 3) recession bring economic decline. 4) young people are remaining at home. The Global Economy and the US Class Structure 1960 had 28% of labor force in factories compared to 9% now. Global reorganization good for stockholders.=(18 fold)

Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the US. Relative poverty: The lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more Absolute poverty: a lack of resources that is life-threatening. The Extent of Poverty 2013: 45.3 million men,, women and children (14.5%) are poor Relative poverty: family of four earning $23,834. ( 3xs what is spent on food) BUT average was 59% of that or $14,000. Poverty less in 1960 (p.280) Who are the Poor? Age: generation ago, elderly most vulnerable, now pensions & gov. programs caused rate to fall from 30 % to 9.5%. Children, young adults are poorest or 45.2% of population are young people under 24 yo.

Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the US. Gender and Family Patterns: Feminization of poverty: the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor. In 1960, 25 % of all poor household headed by women, it is now 51% explains the trend. Urban and Rural Poverty: highest concentration in cities (19%), suburbs (11.1%) while the rural areas have high levels of poverty. Explaining Poverty One View: Blame the poor: high cultural value of self-reliance through talents and efforts. Poor lack skills, schooling, and motivation. Culture of poverty: self-perpetuating cycle Congress changed welfare system. Another View: Blame society; loss of jobs, little opportunity, blame victim

Poverty and the Trend Toward Increasing Inequality Patterns of poverty and increasing economic inequality in the US. The Working Poor 3.2 % of fulltime workers earn minimum wage $7.25 remain poor. ($11.46) Is it effort and ability? No. low wages, female heads , isolated from cities. Homelessness 578,400 in shelters, transitional housing. Cause do to company closing, women escaping violence, rent increases, no stereotype paints a complete picture of the homeless. The trend toward increasing inequality This is a country where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer(inequality) Are the Very Rich Worth the Money? Is income related to talent, ability, and effort? More doubt in rewards. CEO’s get large rewards regardless of the company performance.

Social Inequality Ch. 12 Global Stratification
Key Terms Global stratification Colonialism Neocolonialism Modernization Theory Dependency theory

Global Stratification: An Overview Division of the world into high, middle, and low-income countries. A Word About Terminology Previous model called 1st, 2nd and 3rd worlds. Revised system to income levels looks at economic development and not capitalist vs socialist. High-Income Countries High-income: the nations with the highest overall standard of living(GNI 15,000 per capita). Mostly in Northern Hemisphere, cultural differences, Capital intensive, big factories, machinery and advanced technology. Middle-Income Countries Per capita income of $10, 525, 53% of the people live near cities, 70% of nations are in this bracket. Ukraine, Georgia, and Turkmenistan eastern Europe were socialist. Low-Income Countries Central & East Africa and Asia. A per Capita of less than % in cities.

Global Wealth and Poverty Patterns and explanation of poverty around the world. The Severity of Poverty Poverty more severe in poor countries. People living in rich countries focus on relative poverty People in poor countries focus on absolute poverty or a lack of life threatening resources. Elevated threat of dying young, 1 in 10 children do not survive to age of 5. The Extent of Poverty Typical adult in rich nations consume 3750 calories, low income 2769 calories and hard labor. 25,000 a day die due to hunger or 9 million

Global Wealth and Poverty Poverty and Children Families lack adequate food, safe water, secure housing, and medical care. In Low income countries, 1/5 of children do not have adequate nutrition. Children beg, steal, sell sex, or work for drug gangs to survive. Half of all street children found in Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro. Poverty and Women Women work undervalues, in poor countries women work in sweatshops. Women produce 70% of food men own 90% of land says a lot about inequalities. No reproductive health care. Slavery Anti-Slavery International describe 5 types of slavery 1) Chattel: one person own another, Asia, Middle East and Africa. 2) slavery imposed by state: China and their prisoners. 3)Child slavery: parents send children to beg or forced daily labor. 4) debt bondage: employers charge employees for food and housing 5) servile forms of marriage: India, Thailand, some African nations, marry women off against their will. Some forced prostitution.

Global Wealth and Poverty Explanations of Global Poverty TECHNOLOGY: ¼ people in low income use human or animal muscle POPULATION GROWTH: low income have highest birth rate and will have highest population increases. Africa 1.1 billion to 2.5 billion by 2050 CULTURAL PATTERNS: traditions resist change SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: Low income distribute wealth very unequally. Greater in agrarian societies, Brazil 75% of farmland owned by 4% of people. GENDER INEQUALITY: improving social standing of women will raise living standards. GLOBAL POWER REALTIONSHIP : colonialism: the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations. Multinational Corporation (neo-colonialism) economic exploitation .

Theories of Global Stratification Modernization Theory A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations. Historical perspective: affluence due to the spirit of capitalism created wealth like never before, absolute poverty decreased like never before. The importance of culture: Need cultural environment that emphasizes the benefits of material wealth and new ideas. Tradition is its greatest barrier. Technology a threat to their families, customs and religious beliefs. Protestant Reformation vs Catholic Personal virtue and growing importance of individualism vs family and community

Theories of Global Stratification Rostow’s Stages of Modernization: Traditional stage: Honor past, spiritually rich but lacking material goods Take-off stage: use talent and imagination to spark economic growth. More individualism. Drive to technological maturity: newly educated see tradition as backward, social position for women change, eroding traditional families and relationships less personal. High Mass consumption. People learn to need array of goods. The Role of the Rich Nations 1.Controlling population: children no longer an economic asset, promote birth control. 2. Increasing food production: export hybrid seeds, irrigations system, fertilizer and pesticide control 3. Introducing industrial technology: to raise productivity 4. Providing foreign aid. Investment capital.

Theories of Global Stratification Dependency Theory: model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones. Historical Perspective: nations became rich only because others became poor. Global commerce. The importance of colonialism: political liberation has not translated into economic independence. Neocolonialism is the heart of the capitalistic world economy. US gained control of Haiti, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Hawaiian Islands,part of Panama, and Guantanamo Bay.

Theories of Global Stratification Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy: 500 ago, colonialism, Europeans gathered wealth ( raw material)from the rest of the world, fueled the industrialism. Low income are periphery of world economy. Support rich nations through cheap labor and vast market for industrial products. Middle income are semi-periphery e.g India and Brazil. narrow, export-orientated economics: multinational corporations purchase raw material cheaply from poor societies and make a profit. Coffee, palm oil, oil Lack of industrial capacity: Buy raw material from poor , send home for manufacture and sell to poor nation. Ex: India and cotton. Foreign debit :staggering debit paralyzes a country. The role of rich nations: Capitalistic cycle of poor nations exporting food for profit, not people. United States encourages people to think of poverty as inevitable because of tradition. World produces enough food for everyone to become fat.

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