1. Westward Expansion: Moving West Chapter 5

2. Reasons why people moved west after the Civil War
In the East, farmland was expensive
Poor people could not buy their own land
Sharecropping was how many poor whites and ex-slaves had to farm
In the west was “wide open” areas –especially the Great Plains where “only” some Indians lived
Gold and silver was discovered – drawing people who wanted to get rich quick

3. Pull Factors Economic prosperity
Jobs ( Mining, Railroads)
Gold Rush
New Opportunities
Manifest Destiny
Advance technology
Steel windmill
Plow
Reaper
farming
Millions of buffalo lived on the Great Plains – easy to kill and hides worth money back east
Economic prosperity
Chance to start a new life – outlaws or in debt
Limited risk’s for settlers
Cattle industry
Property ownership
Homestead Act 1862
Morrill Land Grant Act 1862
Pacific Railway Act 1862, 1864

4. An application for land.
People staked their claim by finding a section of land that was marked. (160 acres)
Then they registered the piece of land with the government.
After cultivating the land for five years, it was theirs for free.

5. In the photos above, the blue square represents one acre.
Look at all the possibilities
So you mean I get 160 acres since I’m hitched to the Misses!
In the photos above, the blue square represents one acre. 

6. What is the author’s point of view regarding Manifest Destiny based on the picture?

7. Manifest Destiny
Americans, stirred by their hunger for land and the ideology of “Manifest Destiny,” flocked to the new frontiers.
Manifest Destiny means an obvious fate of the Untied States to grow and become powerful regardless of who or what was in their way – Indians, buffalo, Mexicans
Conflicts between American settlers and Indian nations in the Southeast and the old Northwest resulted in the relocation of many Indians to reservations.

8. Westward Expansion
American migration into Texas led to an armed revolt against Mexican rule and a famous battle at the Alamo, in which a band of Texans fought to the last man against a vastly superior force. The Texans’ eventual victory over Mexican forces subsequently brought Texas into the Union.

9. Manifest Destiny: Mexican American War
The United States fought Mexico in the Mexican-American War in the 1840s
This was due in large part the the desire of Mexican held lands
The American victory in the war led to the addition of an enormous territory that included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado, and New Mexico.

10. Native Americans Negative Impacts Positive Impacts
Pushed out by Settlers
Hunting grounds lost and taken by the US Government
Sand Creek Massacre
Battle of Little Big Horn
Forced into Reservations
Death from battles, disease, extreme weather, and poverty.
Assimilation
Dawes Act
Some learned how to survive in American society
Gained employment as miners and farmers
Attended Schools
Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Fought for the protection of their land in spite of the outcome

11. The Battle of Little Bighorn
George Custer was to defeat the Lakota and force them onto a new reservation.

12. Crazy Horse helped lead the Lakota to victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
It was the biggest victory Native Americans ever won over United States forces.
It led to the end of freedom for Native Americans of the Great Plains.
George Custer and his men were all killed. This battle was known as “Custer’s Last Stand.”

13. Impact on the American Indians
During this period of westward expansion, the settlers repeated wanted Indian land – leading to fights and wars
The American Indians were repeatedly defeated in violent conflicts with settlers and soldiers and removed from their lands.
Many atrocities

14. Indians fought back…
As Indians lost more and more land, they fought back – losing almost all their battles – and they did lose the war
Sandy Creek Massacre (1864) - Colorado
Battle of Little Big Horn (1876) – Dakotas, Wyoming and Montana
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) – South Dakota

15. Gold miners illegally rushed onto the reservation when gold was discovered.

16. The Black Hills
A treaty was signed between the U.S. government and Lakota leaders.
The treaty gave the Black Hills reservation to the Lakota people forever.

17. What then…
The United States sent more soldiers to the Black Hills and forced the Lakota to a new reservation.
The Black Hills were open to gold miners and settlers from the United States.

18. Trail of Tears What happened?
Were we just forced off our land ..why are we moving again? I want to cry….
What happened?
Cherokees and other tribes were removed from their homes in winter and forced to march far away from their homes to Oklahoma
Challenges faced?
Many died – elderly, women, children
Many of us have Cherokee blood from those abandoned here

19. How does assimilation impact the culture of people?
Carlisle School ( ) Enrolled students

20. How did the federal government attempt to retrieve land from Native Americans?

21. Battlefield at Wounded Knee
When the Lakota surrendered, someone fired a shot.
About 300 Lakota were killed.

22. The Battle at Wounded Knee
The last major conflict between the United States Native Americans occurred at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
Lakota families decided to leave their reservation.
After being surrounded by U.S. soldiers, the Lakota decided to surrender. VS

23. Reservations Conditions
Conditions during Westward Expansion
Overcrowded homes
Limited income (SSA, disability, and VA)
Limited jobs
Increased levels of poverty
We have 7 reservations in FL
Many other tribes forced to reservations – land supposed to be set aside for Indians
Generally poor land, no hunting, not good for crops
Indians often starved and died of disease
Conditions Today – Source: Native American Aid Org.

24. Reservations today

25. Settlers Positive Impact Negative Impact
Limited resources to build homes
Farming challenges
Drought and dry soil
Crops eaten by Grasshoppers
Advanced Technology
Economic Opportunity
Morrill Land- Grant Act
Donation of public lands to build schools which increased knowledge of the Agriculture Industry
Homestead Act
80/ 160 acres for settlers

26. Plowfarms, plows and families in front of their sodhouses
Plowfarms, plows and families in front of their sodhouses. (soddies and sodbusters)

27. The Homestead Act of 1862
The Homestead Act gave public lands (lands owned by the national government) to American citizens

28. Homestead Act Conditions
Law signed by Lincoln in 1862
For a small fee a person could obtain 160 acres for free
But not really free – were some rules
At least 21 years old or head of a family
American citizen or immigrant filing for citizenship
Build house a minimum size (12 feet by 14 feet)
Live in house 6 months out of year
Farm land 5 yrs in a row before ownership set
Results:
372,000 new farms ,000land claims – 80 million acres

29. Effects:
The Homestead Act helped poor families who could not afford land in the eastern states.
It gave unemployed workers a chance to find work on land of their own.
Daniel Freeman Standing, Holding Gun, with Hatchet Tucked in Belt, The "first homesteader" to settle in Beatrice, Nebraska, 1863.

30. African Americans Positive Impact Negative Impact
Became Property Owners
Formed all Black Communities
Exodusters ( migrate after being enslaved)- why are they called this….
Book of Exodus – Moses freeing the Israelite's (Hebrew’s) from Egypt
More Job Opportunity as compared to the south
Mining, ranching, soldiers, cooks, teachers, farmers, and nurses.
Negative Impact
Exhausted resources to migrate
Often unable to secure a steady job, even in the west
Continued to face racism and discrimination
Still not accepted

31. Thousands of African-Americans moved west in 1879 in an effort to find a better life.
This was known as the “Exodus of 1879”, and the participants were called “Exodusters”.

32. Miners Negative Impact Positive Impact
Limited education is needed to be successful- mostly physical strength.
Potential ability to gain wealth
Hazardous conditions
Extreme Weather- reduces ability to work
Many were unsuccessful in becoming wealthy
Positive Impact
Limited education is needed to be successful- mostly physical strength.
Potential ability to gain wealth
Comstock Lode in NV
part owner- Henry Comstock
Located under Mt. Davidson
Major discovery of silver ore

33. Gold and Silver Strikes
FUN FACT:
The CA Gold Rush began in 1849, attracting thousands of gold hunters known as forty-niners.

34. Major "Strikes" in the California Gold Rush
In 1852 the take for the year was $80 million ($1.9 billion in 2005 dollars).
Bonanza! Look a here! I found me a big ole’ nugget. Reckon I’ll get my fortune.
-Potato Creek Johnny
Sutter's Mill/Coloma - Jan. 24, 1848 James Marshall kicked off the California gold rush when he spotted some pea-sized bits of gold in a mill raceway. The news brought thousands of prospectors to the area, but neither Marshall nor his employer John Sutter prospered from the find.

35. Gold and silver mines were discovered throughout the West.
Thousands of miners from the U.S., Europe, Mexico, and China flocked to the West.
White and Chinese miners hoping to strike it rich during the California Gold Rush at Auburn Ravine in 1852.

36. Cowboys and Ranchers Negative Impact Positive Impact
Difficult and Hazardous work
( potential stampedes)
Extreme weather leading to sickness and health conditions ( slept outside)
Animal, Settlers, and Native American Attacks while moving through land
unsuccessful delivery due to death or injury of cattle
Positive Impact
Trained by vaqueros ( Mexican Cowboys)
Plenty of food for cattle to graze as they head east
Hugh demand for BEEF= creating more jobs
Railroads assisted in shipping beef, once they drove cattle to shipping ports
Chisolm Trail- pathway cattle was driven

37. Cowboys
“Money, money, money, money….”
Buffalo were in the way of railroads and settlers so had to be removed
Also, hides worth money back east
25 million buffalo killed ( )
Replaced with cattle – and rise of the cowboy

38. What caused an increase within the cattle industry?
·After the Civil War, growing cities in the East increased their demand for beef.
Some cattle had gotten lose in Texas and during the war had been forgotten – so large herds developed and were available for the taking
Railroads had reached Kansas, where cattle could be shipped east
Texas ranchers began to drive herds of longhorns hundreds of miles north to the railroads, where they were shipped east.
I’m Lean and Tasty!
Moooooo out of my way…

39. Abilene, Kansas (late 1800’s)
· Cow towns developed near the railroads, offering cowhands hotels, saloons, and restaurants.
Abilene, Kansas (late 1800’s)

40. The spread of farming, as well as harsh weather, destroyed the cattle boom by 1887.
Hundreds of miles of barbed wire were strung across the state in the 1880s, forever changing the character of the frontier and bringing a measure of management to the cattle industry.

41. Railroad Owners Negative Impact Positive Impact Pacific Railway Act
Gave land and money to continue to expand the railroads.
Earn revenue ( incoming money) from farmers when they ship crops to the market
Many challenges but plenty of workers willing to take the risk to gain opportunity.
Financial shortages to expand railroads
Native American attacks
Rough terrain ( unleveled land)
Dangerous work conditions to expose workers to ….slowing down production.
“Later on we lost money after the ICA was passed”

42. The Transcontinental Railroad
· Railroad companies raced to lay tracks to the mines in order to supply the miners.

43. Union Pacific Railroad Central Pacific Railroad
Promontory Point, Utah
Omaha, Nebraska . .
Union Pacific Railroad x
Central Pacific Railroad J j
Sacramento, California
· In 1863, two companies, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific, began building the first transcontinental railroad.

44. Railroad Workers Positive Impact Negative Impact
Harsh and hazardous working conditions
Limited jobs offered to African Americans
Extreme Weather = possible frostbite and avalanches
Racism and discrimination
Native American Attacks
Escaped discrimination and racism
Provided work for many immigrants (Chinese) and African Americans
Potential profit and job availability

45. TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
Immigrant Workers
· Labor was scarce due to the hard, dangerous work and low pay.
Union Pacific - hired many Irish immigrants
Central Pacific - approximately 90% of their workforce were Chinese immigrants
· Therefore, immigrant labor was used.

46. Chinese railroad workers perform their duties in the snow.
· The workers endured scorching deserts, blinding snowstorms, and blasted through mountains.
Chinese railroad workers perform their duties in the snow.

47. Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in May 10, 1869 at Promontory Point Utah. The railroads cut travel time west from six months to six days!

48. On May 10, 1869, a golden spike was hammered into a track joining the two tracks in Promontory Point, UT.

49. Populists: banned together to figt back. (Populists Party)
Positive Impact
Negative Impact
Advanced Technology allowed efficiency and overproduction of crops
Passed the ICA ( Interstate Commerce Act)
to set reasonable rates for our fellow farmers and it was enforced by the government. (regulation of prices)
Granger Alliance and Populist Party allowed the farmers’ voice to be heard
Limit income to support families and continue farming
Debt increased
We were charged higher rates for using short hauls vs. long hauls.
We had too many crops left, so our prices dropped because no one bought them.
Additional information will be shared about the populists party.