1. Ch. 5: Ancient Rome

2. Roman Civilization Arises in Italy
Italian peninsula is located in the Mediterranean Sea and Rome is in the center of Italy.
Latins settled in villages along the Tiber River, which would eventually turn into Rome.
Etruscans lived alongside the Romans.
Used arches in construction
Used engineering to drain marshy land
Section 1
The Roman World Takes Shape

3. The Romans Establish a Republic
Romans establish a republic, a government in which people choose some officials.
Senate: Made laws and controlled the government
Patricians were the 300 landowning members
Consuls- 2 individuals chosen by the Senators to supervise the government and command the military
Only allowed to serve 1 term in order to limit their power
Dictator-Ruler with complete control was chosen for only a 6 month period during wartime
Section 1
The Roman World Takes Shape

4. The Romans Establish a Republic
Plebeians
Farmers, merchants, artisans, and the majority of the population.
At first they had very few government rights
Elected tribunes, officials to protect their interests
Able to veto, or block, laws that were harmful to Plebeians
Framers of the US Constitution adapted Roman ideas.
Senate
Veto
Checks on political power
Section 1
The Roman World Takes Shape

5. Characterizing Roman Society
Males were head of the household
Women’s Role
Able to own property
Ran businesses
Worked in the home
Publicly they went out to dinner with their husbands or to the theatre
Education
Girls and boys from all social levels learned to read and write. Wealthy families hired private Greek tutors.
Roman Mythology and Religion
Believed in gods and goddess, similar to the Greeks
Section 1
The Roman World Takes Shape
Greek
Roman
Zeus
Jupiter
Hera
Juno
Poseidon
Neptune

6. The Roman Republic Grows
Roman Army
Legion-Basic military unit of 5,000 men
Good soldiers had loyalty, courage, and
respect for authority
Rewards and harsh
punishment were typical
Rome conquers lands
Conquered people had
to pay taxes and follow
Roman leaders-some
were granted citizenship
and because of this
many stayed loyal to
Rome.
Section 1
The Roman World Takes Shape

7. Rome Grows Through Conquest Punic Wars
Between Rome and Carthage, a city-state in Northern Africa
First Punic War
Rome defeated Carthage, won the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
Second Punic War
Carthage general Hannibal led an army and war elephants to battle throughout Italy for 15 years. He could not capture Rome and was finally defeated when the Romans attacked Carthage.
Forced to give up all land outside of Africa
Third Punic War
Rome destroyed Carthage-survivors were killed or sold into slavery
Romans poured salt on the land so nothing would grow again
Section 2
From Republic to Empire

8. From Republic to Empire
Imperialism- Establishing control over foreign lands and peoples
Romans conquered Macedonia, Greece, parts of Egypt and Asia Minor
Slave Labor
1/3 of the empire were slaves. They did public work projects and farming.
Gap between rich and poor caused many issues
Section 2
From Republic to Empire

9. Roman Republic Declines Julius Caesar
Conquered Gaul (France & Belgium)
Pompey a general was concerned Caesar would become too powerful. He ordered him to return to Rome and disband the army. Caesar refused and secretly attacked Pompey.
Caesar then went through the Mediterranean and ended rebellions before returning to Rome and forcing the Senate to make him dictator.
Gave land to poor, started programs for the unemployed
Introduced the Julian calendar-minor changes to it is what we use today.
Caesar’s enemies wer concerned he’d make himself king, so they planned to save the republic.
March, 44 B.C. Caesar was stabbed to death at the Senate.
Section 2
From Republic to Empire

10. Roman Republic Declines Julius Caesar
After Caesar’s murder, Mark Antony (general) and Octavian (nephew) joined together to punish the murderers. However, a power struggle broke out and Octavian eventually defeated Antony and Egypt’s Queen Cleopatra.
Section 2
From Republic to Empire

11. The Age of the Roman Empire Dawns
Augustus “Exatled One” was given to Octavian.
1st Roman Emperor
Stable Government
Civil Service
High level jobs were open to men in all classes
Ordered a census, population count, to have records of people that would be taxed.
Set up postal service
Unemployed were given jobs building roads and temples
Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
200 years of peace, unity, and prosperity throughout the Roman empire.
Section 2
From Republic to Empire

12. Entertainment Circus Maximus
A racecourse where chariot races were held.
Rome 2012
It is now a wide open stretch of land.

13. Gladiator fights took place as thousands watched.
Colosseum
Gladiator fights took place as thousands watched.
Other events
Gladiator vs. Animal
Animal vs. Animal

15. Romans Write Literature, History, and Philosophy
Romans imitated and admired Greek culture
Poets satirized, or made fun of Roman society
Stoicism: Stressed the importance of duty and accepting one’s fate.
Roman Art and Architecture Develops
Sculptors focused on realism, showing every aspect of the subject.
Idealism, was showcasing a subject in a different way.
Ex. Augustus was crafted as a powerful symbol even though in real life he was not an imposing figure.
Section 3
The Roman Achievement

16. Art in Homes
Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79. It buried the city of Pompeii, when it was discovered in the mid 1700’s.
The ash preserved much of the city and we are now able to see how they lived.
Vases and art that was found within homes of Pompeii

18. Romans Apply Science and Mathematics for Practical Use
The Greeks focused on simple architecture
The Romans focused on grandeur
Used concrete
Rounded dome ceilings
Romans Apply Science and Mathematics for Practical Use
Engineers built roads, bridges, and aqueducts, that brought water from the hills to the city.
Section 3
The Roman Achievement
Tiber River

19. New Law Codes Protect the Empire
Roman laws would be the basis for other societies
Laws fostered unity and stability
Law Systems
Civil Law-applied to all citizens
Law of Nations-covered all citizens and non-citizens as other lands came under Roman rule
Connections to Today
Accused person was presumed innocent until proven guilty
Accused could face the accuser and offer a defense against the charge against them
Guilt has to be established with solid evidence
Judges interpreted the law and should make fair decisions.
However, penalties were dependent on social class. The lower class citizens were usually treated more harshly.
Section 3
The Roman Achievement

20. The Roman Empire Divides
At the end of Pax Romana, the next 100 years were economically tumultuous.
Emperors were continually overthrown or assassinated.
Social Problems
High Taxes
Poor farmland
Emperors
Diocletian (dy uh klee shun) divided the empire into two parts and appointed a co-emperor.
He fixed prices to stop inflation
Laws to force farmers to stay on the land
Sons had to follow in their father’s footsteps
Constantine
Granted tolerance to Christians
Changed the capital to Constantinople
Section 5
The Long Decline

21. Invaders Threaten the Roman Empire
Huns, from Asia, traveled into Europe and fought battles
Romans were unable to fight off all invaders and the Romans surrendered first to Britain, France, and then Spain.
Germanic groups were moving through Gaul, Spain, and North Africa conquering the land
Section 5
The Long Decline

22. Invaders Threaten the Roman Empire
Attila the Hun
Savagely attacked lands throughout Europe
Odacer (Oh doh ay sur) a Germanic leader, overthrew the Roman emperor, and the “Fall of Rome” occurred.
Section 5
The Long Decline

23. Many Problems Cause Rome to Fall
Invasions
Military legions lacked the discipline early legions had. They were able to be defeated
Hired mercenaries, these foreign paid soldiers had little loyalty to Rome
Political Turmoil
Corrupt officials
Civil wars
Economic Weakness
High Taxes
Farmers abandoned land and middle class sank into poverty
Social Decay
Patriotism began declining
Section 5
The Long Decline