1. The Cold War in Asia

2. Japan Allied occupation from September 1945 – May 1952
Dominated by the USA – no USSR and no other allies
USA = Emperor to remain + did not try him for war crimes
General Douglas MacArthur
Condescending and contempt for Japanese culture, but loved
Government of Japan remained, but took orders from MacArthur
Demilitarization and democratization
Military tribunal for wartime leaders
Emperor speech renouncing imperial divinity, textbooks changed
Parliament like England + constitution outlawing war and forces
US Cold War ally and US external defense

3. The Century of Humiliation in China, 1839-1949
Qing China ( )
Isolationism
British illegally sell Indian opium in China
Opium dens, decline in productivity
Money and goods flowing out of China
Chinese troops ordered to destroy the opium trade
British traders = Chinese violated trade + property rights
British order China to allow the opium trade
The First Opium War ( )
The Chinese made no changes → British victory

4. The Impact of the First Opium War
The Second Opium War ( )
British fight again to open trade further
Hong Kong and British takeover of Chinese trade
France, Germany, and Russia get similar rights
Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan
Two Japanese invasions
Qing dynasty for technological change, not political
The Boxer Rebellion – expel all foreigners and reform
Europeans crush and the Empress Dowager Cixi aligns with the Westerners

5. The Fall of the Qing Dynasty
Late 1800s – secret societies of scholar-gentry to end the Qing Dynasty
Educated in European history and philosophy
Wanted western reforms: western education and nation
Hostile to foreigners
Cutting Queues, demonstrations and sabotage
Cixi's death and Puyi (1908)
The Revolution of 1911
Students and military join forces after Qing take a loan from westerners
Puyi deposed
The Republic of China → President Sun Yat-Sen

7. Marxism in China The Warlord Era (1911-1928) May 4th Movement (1919)
WWI – Japan gets part of China and China get nothing
Massive demonstrations and an attempt to unite the country under Republicanism
Not possible in the Warlord Era with mass starvation and huge peasantry
Russian Revolution (1917)
Maoism = the new Leninism = most change
Communist secret society → Communist Party (1921) led by Mao Zedong
Sun Yet-Sen → Nationalist Party of China

8. The Causes of the Chinese Civil War
The Nationalist Party Strategy to control the country
Focus on a strong army to end the Warlord Era
Unify China under the central government and focus on foreign affairs → famine and disease for the people
Alliance with Communists to help unify China (1924)
Soviet aid
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) – head of the military academy and upset about the alliance, but knows it is needed
1925 – Sun dies and Chiang seizes power
Continue to unite the country through war and money
Severs ties with the communists and tries to exterminate them (1927)

9. The Chinese Civil War Phase 1 (1927-1936) World War II (1937-1945)
Nationalists in the cities
The Long March (1937)
World War II ( )
Chiang forced by military to ally with the communists
Communists = superior at fighting = guerrilla tactics → control more land + increased membership
Nationalists = supplied by USA → failed at fighting the Japanese + tried to defeat communists
Phase 2 ( ) = fight for ex-Japanese lands
Mao's uplifting message = land reform, education, and health care + harsh penalties for wrong behavior → 85% support and control of Manchuria

10. The Aftermath of the Chinese Civil War
October 1949 – Chiang and his armies fled to Taiwan
Proclaimed the Republic of China as the real China and got to keep their seat and membership in the UN
Mao proclaimed the People's Republic of China as the real China
The Cold War
Each china takes a side
Republicans in USA = “Truman lost China”
McCarthyism
NSC-68
Truman pressured to act more forcefully in Korea
Stalin favored the weaker Nationalists and was shocked by the communist victory → 30 year alliance

11. The Korean War
With the Japanese gone, US and USSR refuse to leave – 38th parallel
1949 – communist and Syngman Rhee
June 24, 1950 – Independent NK invasion
June 27, 1950 – American forces
UN – Soviet Boycott from security council
General Douglas MacArthur and UN army
Into North Korea

12. The Korean War Phase II Chinese Intervention
Back to the 38th parallel - stalemate
MacArthur vs. Truman
Bombing Chinese and public letters – “There is no substitute for victory”
Negotiations until 1953
But…negotiations continue
No clear victory for either side, fear of World War III
USA = containment accomplished
China = enhanced prestige
Korea = a divided people with refugees, bitterness and resentment

14. The Superpowers in Asia
After the loss of China and stalemate in Korea USA focus on Japan
1948 – economic aid → eventual economic success
1950 – Korean War → Japanese National Police Reserve authorized
1951 – treaty ending allied occupation to start May 1952, but US military bases remain (in SK too)
Divided politics in Japan
Strong military and economic ties to the USA
Against USA remaining and rearmament → for unarmed neutrality → usually lost elections
1954 – Japanese Ground Self-defense Force
USA, USSR and PRC = high military budgets and tensions