2. What do these things have in common?

3. Southernization vs. Westernization
Who is really responsible for globalized trade networks and the modern world?

4. Amazing notes?

5. Thesis
Southernization, not Westernization, made globalized trade networks possible because the most important resources, goods and ideas that shaped our world came from South Asia.
My aim is to prove that Westernization is inaccurate, misleading and a great example of a myopic, Eurocentric view of the world that has become far too common in our study of history. Rather, Southernization is the process that made European conquest and ultimately created the trade networks that laid the foundation for the globalized modern world.
(Pose the thesis to the class (remember to have them evaluate the thesis using the SAPE standard in the debrief of the lesson). Remind students that throughout the lecture, I will use evidence and analysis to support my thesis and they will be responsible for evaluating the strength of my argument)

6. Westernization Western civilization built the modern world
15th century forward
First we need to talk about Westernization. Westernization is a term used to describe the diffusion of western culture and the adoption of western ideas – language, religion, political theories, resources, goods, etc. – throughout the world. Many people have argued that the spread of western economic, cultural and political practices allowed for previously underdeveloped regions to make the important advances which laid the groundwork for more developed and prosperous nations in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Though proponents of Westernization sometimes acknowledge that this exchange often proved costly for the native peoples of these regions; they argue that in the long run it was the reason those regions were able to move into the modern era along with Europe. Not only it is this theory wrong because the advances made by Western Europe were not possible without the ideas and resources of Southern Asia, which we will get into shortly, but it is also dangerous because it essentially attempts to excuse the brutal and corrupt nature by which European nations acquired, extorted, abused and exploited other regions as valid in the name of long term prosperity and modernization.

7. Southernization Spread of South Asian goods, resources, and ideas
Silk Roads early
Shift to maritime
Indian Ocean Basin
Malay, Chinese, Arab, Indian merchants
1st century CE -13th century CE
Southernization is a competing theory that argues the development of resources and inventions that would eventually drive European exploration and connect the old and new worlds came from South Asia. An important factor to consider is the time period during which Southernization took place. While westernization began in the 15th century CE, Southernization began over 1,400 years earlier in the Indian Ocean basin, eventually spreading across East Asia and eventually into Europe. Southernization began as surplus cotton India was traded by merchants seeking new sources of bullion gold in return for their excess products.

8. CFU #1
Turn and talk to a partner for 2 minutes about what we’ve covered: What is my thesis? What is Westernization? What is Southernization? What evidence have you gathered to support my claim? Be prepared to share!
Check and critique each other’s notes – look for one +/-
If you think your partner’s notes are great, let us all know so we can see them, and be prepared to share your thoughts with the class!

9. What are the benefits of maritime trade (trade over water)
What are the benefits of maritime trade (trade over water)? What are the potential risks?
How?

10. What makes this location so crucial?
Where?
What makes this location so crucial?

11. Indian Resources: Cotton
Indian empires
Cotton/textiles
Mauryan and Gupta
One of the first, and most valuable, resources exchanged through Southernization was cotton. Mauryan and Gupta merchants traded cotton in growing cities, civilizations and settlements in Central Asia, Mesopotamia, North and West Africa, East Asia and Eastern Europe. Cotton would eventually become the most widely used garment fabric. In the 1st century C.E., Egypt became an important overseas market for Indian cottons. By the next century, there was a strong demand for these textiles, both in the Mediterranean and in East Africa, and by the 5th century, they were being traded in Southeast Asia. The Indian textile trade continued to grow throughout the next millennium. Even after the arrival of European ships in Asian ports at the turn of the 16th century, it continued unscathed. According to one textile expert, “India virtually clothed the world” by the mid-1700s. For over 1500 years, India was the worlds primary source of cotton until slave labor in the Americas allowed for the growth of a competing cotton industry.

12. Indian Resources: Sugar
granulated sugar crystals
Sugar became a prized commodity across Asia, Africa and Europe
Human desire #1: sweetness!!!
Indians discovered how to crystallize sugar and create sugar granules. Indians discovered how to turn sugarcane juice into granulated crystals that could be easily stored and transported. This was a momentous development, and it may have been encouraged by Indian sailing, for sugar and clarified butter [ghee] were among the dietary mainstays of Indian sailors and would eventually become some of the most sought after food resources across the globe. As Michael Pollan stated in his seminal work about the history of agriculture, The Botany of Desire, the human desire for sweetness trumps all of our other desires. Sugar from India helped to create our insatiable need for sweetness and the immediate energy blast that comes with a great sugary dish. It was that desire that, in large part, fueled the European push for access to Asian markets.

13. Indian Ideas: Numerals and zero
Common Arabic numerals
Concept of zero = more complex math
Business and astronomy
Spread first to China and then beyond
During the time of the Gupta Empire, Indians developed some of the most foundational aspects of modern math, including the numeral system and the concept of zero as a placeholder to advance the base ten system. Western numerals, which the Europeans called Arabic since they acquired them from the Arabs, actually came from India. The Arabs still call them ‘Hindi’ numbers.
The concept of zero can be traced to 499 CE, where it was originally found in documents outlining astronomical theories. The Indian zero made the place value system of writing numbers superior to all others. Without it, the use of this system, base ten or otherwise, was incredibly difficult and time consuming. With the zero, the Indians were able to perform calculations rapidly and accurately, to perform much more complicated calculations, and to discern mathematical relationships more aptly. These numerals, and the mathematics the Indians developed with them, are now universal. Without the mathematical principles exchanged by Indian thinkers, Europeans would never have had the insights necessary for the modern global economy.

14. Indian Ideas: Buddhism
Served as a unifying belief system across Eurasia
facilitated peaceful interactions along trade routes, even as foreign belief systems were introduced
Buddhism first developed in India and by 600 CE had become one of Asia’s dominant belief systems. Buddhism served as a unifying force for Indian and Chinese merchants and facilitated more peaceful interactions and trade amongst the peoples of Southeast Asia and eventually with merchants from abroad.

15. CFU #2
Turn and talk to a partner for 2 minutes about what we’ve covered: What evidence have you collected to support my claim about Southernization?
Check and critique each other’s notes – look for one +/-
If you think your partner’s notes are great, let us all know so we can see them!

16. Chinese Southernization
Tang dynasty = population shifts south and grows
By 600 CE = cultural center
BTW, this is Europe’s “Dark Ages”
10th-12th century Song Dynasty = biggest market, biggest producer
The developments and advances made in Southern Asia had a significant impact on China after 350 C.E, particularly following the decline of the Han dynasty and a period of instability in China. Buddhism served as an essential function in uniting as it spread throughout the disunited realm, and cultural exchange between India and China grew accordingly. The spread of Southern Asian ideas, resources and goods hit its height during the Tong Dynasty and Song Dynasty leading to unprecedented advances economically, politically and culturally.

17. Chinese Resources: porcelain
9th century
Song Dynasty
Everyone wanted it

18. Chinese Resources: silk textiles
Everyone wanted it
Chinese actually valued cotton and wool more

19. Chinese Resources: Gunpowder
9th century
Song Dynasty
Gunpowder
Advanced weapons
Mongols bring to Europe
In 644, an Indian monk identified soils in China that contained saltpeter and demonstrated the purple flame that results from its ignition. Over the next few centuries this resource was harnessed in the form of gunpowder. As early as 919 C.E., gunpowder was used as an igniter in a flamethrower, and the 10th century also saw the use of flaming arrows, rockets, and bombs thrown by catapults. Eventually Asian merchants would exchange these resources and technologies with European merchants and change the fate of the world.
The spread of gunpowder to Europe allowed European explorers to conquer far reaching regions of the world that had been excluded from the trade of ideas and resources with Asia. In his landmark work, Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond argues these were the reasons for European hegemony- and, guess what, all of those things came in some form from Asia.

20. Chinese tech: Compass Invented 3rd Century BCE
Transformative navigational tool
By the time of the Song dynasty in the 10th century, the Chinese had perfected the compass. Chinese sailors and explorers were soon using the compass, also called the “southern pointing needle” to navigate on the oceans, publishing ‘needle charts’ for the benefit of the sea captains, and following ‘needle routes’ on the Southern Ocean.
Once the Chinese had the compass, they, like Columbus, set out to find a direct route to the spice markets of Southeast Asia. Unlike Columbus, they found them.

21. Chinese Ideas: Printing
Revolutionized spread of ideas
Most important invention ever?
Spread to Europe in 15th century
Printing developed in different forms in various Asian nations, including India, Korea and China, the ability to print texts led to a rise in literacy, the spread of unifying beliefs and the development of more advanced record keeping. By the 15th century, printing technology spread to Europe and led to an incredible burst in the spread of ideas, allowing for Europeans to make many of the advances that are a hallmark of Westernization.

22. Arab southernization Lateen sails Slave trade from Africa Metallurgy
Islam
The impact of Arab Southernization cannot be underestimated. Arab nations in the Middle East not only served as the bridge for land trade routes between Asia, Europe and Africa, but also established maritime trade routes and trading posts that would later be exploited by the Portuguese, Dutch, and other Europeans.
Not only did Arabs establish new trade routes and centers, but they also developed the lateen sail, or triangular sail, based on earlier South Asian designs, and smaller ships. Both the smaller ships and triangular sail design allowed Arab traders to navigate difficult waters and winds more safely and increased the spread and profitability of trade with Asian markets.
Arabs also established the first extra-African slave trade, purchasing captured prisoners of war from central and eastern African kingdoms as a source of labor in the growing cotton and sugar plantations based near their trading ports. Eventually European slave traders would adopt the techniques and know-how of Arab slave traders to establish their own slave trade.
In addition to the establishment of trade routes, new naval technologies and the slave trade, Arabs also passed on their advanced metallurgy technologies, particularly the idea of infusing iron with oxygen; the process responsible for creating steel. Before the advent of steel, weapons used by Eurasian soldiers and traders were heavy, inflexible and brittle. Steel forever changed the interactions between those people who had it and those who did not.

23. Spread of islam
Dar al Islam

24. Spread of islam
Dar al Islam

25. Conclusion
Southernization tied the world together and led to the spread of resources, goods and ideas that made the globalized trade networks and modern world possible. Without access to steel, the compass, printing, gunpowder, cotton, sugar and spices from Asia, Westernization by Europeans would never have happened.
Conclusion 
By the 13th century, the process of Southernization made Asia the world’s most prosperous, advanced region. The spread of South Asian technologies, ideas, resources, and beliefs led to the most complex, profitable trade networks in the world. Access to these trade networks would prove the greatest motivation for European exploration and the reason that Europeans would eventually gain access to the goods and resources that facilitated their conquest of the world.
I conclude that Westernization was in fact an extension of Southernization, and the wealth and dominance of Europe, came about only after their outright seizure of the regions and nations from which the essential commodities and resources that were first exchanged during Southernization.

26. CFU #3
Turn and talk: summarize my argument and discuss at least 5 pieces of evidence I used to support my thesis.
Be prepared for a cold-call whole class discussion before completing your ticket to leave.