The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2-3

The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2-3
KEY CONCEPTS: What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules? Phospholipid by RIEDELL

Ch 2: Chemistry of Life KEY CONCEPTS: 2.1 Composition of Matter
Image by Riedell KEY CONCEPTS: 2.1 Composition of Matter 2.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions 2.3 Water and Solutions

Click the image to play the video segment.
Atomic Structure 2A Click the image to play the video segment. Video 1

Atoms are the ________________:
basic unit of MATTER PROTONS (+) ______________ are found ______________ ___________________ in ____________________ NEUTRONS in NUCLEUS ELECTRONS (-) orbit outside nucleus energy levels Animation from:

Atoms differ in __________ of _______, ________,& _______
NUMBERS PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS Image from:

Atoms that have _________________ have an _____________ and are called __________
They are written with a + or – next to their symbol gained or lost electrons + electric charge Na IONS - Cl

Atoms/ions important for living things
Used to make bigger molecules Ions = electrically charged atoms ____________ Carbon - C ____________ Oxygen - O Sodium – Na+ Chloride – Cl- Hydrogen - H Potassium – K+ Nitrogen - N Calcium – Ca++ Sulfur - S Hydrogen – H+ Phosphorus - P

Hydrogen Ions (H+) H+ acidic More H+ = more acidic
The number of ____ ions determines how _______ a solution will be. H+ acidic More H+ = more acidic

ATOMS CAN ______TOGETHER TO _____________________
JOIN MAKE MOLECULES Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes one ______ molecule. WATER what kind chemical formula A _______________ tells _________ of and __________ atoms are in a molecule EX: ________ how many H2O

VERY, VERY LARGE MOLECULES MACROMOLECULES = ____________________
EXAMPLE: Insulin = C254 H377 N65 O76 S6 Image from:

MOLECULES CAN BE SHOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
Water molecule: H2O Other Images by: Riedell

- + Polar Molecules electric charge Because of the location of
Image from: Because of the location of electrons in molecules, some molecules have an _________ pattern of ____________________ More ___ on one side; More ___ on the other EX: water UNEVEN electric charge + - Bending water video More about this in Chapter 7

HYDROGEN BONDS positively
Bonds that form between the _________ charged _____________ in one molecule and a __________ charged _________ in a nearby molecule are called _________________ positively HYDROGEN atom negatively Oxygen atom HYDROGEN BONDS EX: water molecules are held together by Hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bond animation Images from:

“Like dissolves like” HYDROPHILIC
____________________ means “water loving” _________ molecules try to _________ and touch water or ______________ molecules POLAR be near other polar Water makes a great solvent in living things because so many molecules found in living things are polar or have a charge.

“Like dissolves like” HYDROPHOBIC NON-polar
“Like dissolves like” HYDROPHOBIC _________________ means “water fearing” ___________ groups/molecules try to _________ other __________ molecules and __________ ________ molecules NON-polar be near NON-polar away from polar Oil based paints dissolve in solvents such as turpentine . . . not water.

The same molecule can have both POLAR and NON-POLAR parts
EX: PHOSPHOLIPIDS The same molecule can have both POLAR and NON-POLAR parts Polar head NON-polar tails More about this in Chapter 7 Image by Riedell

“Like dissolves like” SOAP
“Like dissolves like” SOAP ______ works because it has a _____________ that dissolves _______ and a __________ that dissolves in _____ to wash away oily dirt. NON-polar end grease Polar end water

WATER is important for all living things
Average person ~~ 60-70% water Babies ~~ 78% Human brain ~~ 90% Image from:

WHY Water is important to cells:
POLAR DISSOLVE 1. It’s __________ so it can ____________ lots of different substances. 2. It can _________ lots of ______ _______________________________ very much (That helps with _________________) 3. ____________________ form between water molecules so they stick together. 4.Water is an important ___________________ in many CHEMICAL REACTIONS. absorb HEAT WITHOUT changing temperature HOMEOSTASIS HYDROGEN BONDS REACTANT/PRODUCT

DO NOW Turn in your water properties lab onto front desk.
Copy the date and objective into your notebook Copy this equation in your notebook. (Don’t draw the molecules.) 3. What are the reactants? What are the products?

2.2 Energy Acquire materials and energy The abililty to do work Sun
All living things_________________________ Energy is _____________________ Energy is needed to perform all life functions. The ultimate source of energy on earth is the __________ Energy can be ____________ from one form into another. EX. ___________________ energy is converted into chemical energy in photosynthesis. The abililty to do work Sun converted Light (electromagnetic)

REMEMBER: ALL the chemical reactions that happen in cells = _____________
METABOLISM join Chemical reactions can _____ molecules together. Chemical reactions can ______ molecules apart. break

In chemical reactions, _________ (between molecules) are broken, _____ are rearranged and new bonds are _______. bonds atoms formed When chemical bonds break, _______ is released When new bonds are made, energy is ______. energy stored

A chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction
when molecules interact. 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2 _______________ ________________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced → REACTANTS PRODUCTS Image by RIedell

Sometimes chemical reactions need help to get started.
Ex: A fire needs a match to get it started.

IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL
Once it gets to top . . . it can roll back all by itself

______________ to get a chemical reaction _______________
= ________________________ Energy required STARTED ACTIVATION ENERGY ACTIVATION ENERGY REACTANTS PRODUCTS Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

___________ HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS _______________ HAPPEN FASTER
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved CATALYSTS ___________ HELP CHEMICAL REACTIONS _______________ HAPPEN FASTER Catalysts work by ____________ the ___________________________to get a chemical reaction started. DECREASING ACTIVATION ENERGY required

Lower Catalysts ______ the height of the hill or remove the hill entirely So that it takes _____ energy (work) to get the reaction started less

Not used up Catalysts are ______________ in chemical reactions. After the job is done, they move on to other molecules to __________another reaction. So that it takes _____ energy (work) to get the reaction started catalyze

CATALYSTS in Living Things
Image from: CATALYSTS in Living Things In living systems __________ that ________________to control chemical reactions are called = _________ PROTEINS act as catalysts ENZYMES SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12

Chapter 3 Biochemistry KEY CONCEPTS:
How/why/and to what does carbon bond? How are carbon molecules made/broken down? What macromolecules are important to living things? What are the functions of each group of macromolecules? Phospholipid by RIEDELL

_________ is the most important atom found in living things CARBON
four It can join to _______ other atoms at same time chains It can form ______ or _____ so it can make lots of different kinds of molecules. rings Images from:

http://www. mrbigler. com/Chem1-C1/topics/vsepr/VSEPR_files/image002
__________ molecules are found __________ and contain ____________ (usually part of/were part of a living organism) (wood, hair, sugar, fat, proteins, DNA, etc) Methane (CH4) is non polar. ORGANIC in living things C-H bonds

http://www. mrbigler. com/Chem1-C1/topics/vsepr/VSEPR_files/image002
__________ molecules are not organic, not contain C-H bonds. (eg. CO2, H2, cyanide (CN-), hydrochloric acid (HCl), pieces of metal, graphite in pencil, H2O, etc) . INORGANIC

MACROMOLECULES important to living things!
_____________ _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

These small units are called ______________
Macromolecules are made from many small units which ________ _________ to make a bigger molecule. These small units are called ______________ The big molecule they make is called a _____________ join together MONOMERS POLYMER Image by RIedell

EXAMPLE: DNA _________ subunits (A,T,G,C) join together to make
a _____ molecule Nucleotide DNA

One way to join molecules to make a bigger molecule is by ________
a _______ molecule to make a bond. = ____________________ reaction removing WATER dehydration synthesis See an animationhydrolysis dehydration synthesis

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS “dehydration” “synthesis”
=_____________ _____________ water loss put parts together

Chemical reactions can also ________ molecules apart.
______________ = kind of chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by adding a________ molecule. “_____” = water “_____” = break apart break HYDROLYSIS WATER hydro lysis See an animation

opposite HYDROLYSIS is the _________ of DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.
Adding a water molecule breaks the bond.

More on this is Chapters 7, 8,& 9
ATP is the energy molecule used by all cells. Breaking a bond using ________ is the way ENERGY is released. hydrolysis More on this is Chapters 7, 8,& 9

Living things _______ of these kinds of _______ (and MORE) to get the _______they need.
use BOTH reactions materials

CARBOHYDRATES contain _____, ________, & ______ (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O) Molecules made up of only one ___________ molecule are called ________________ oxygen carbon hydrogen sugar monosaccharides Example: GLUCOSE C6H12O6 Image from:

Important MONOSACCHARIDES
Fructose C5H10O5 C6H12O6 Note 4C’s in a 5 sided ring C6H12O6 2 1 ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O 1

____________________ to make ________________ made of
Monosaccharides can be joined together using ____________________ to make ________________ made of ___________ molecules. dehydration synthesis POLYSACCHARIDES MANY SUGAR Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005

Examples of IMPORTANT POLYSACCHARIDES
___________ STARCH (plants) CELLULOSE (plants) GLYCOGEN (animals) Image from:

WHAT DO CARBOHYDRATES DO?
Image from:

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ________ AND Give ________
Energy CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ________ AND Give ________ Structure Use glucose Cells _______________ for their ________ needs energy More about this in Chapters 7 and 9 Images from:

ANIMAL CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY _______ cells _____________
as __________. store glucose glycogen Image from:

________ cells ____________ as _________ store glucose STARCH
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY PLANT ________ cells ____________ as _________ store glucose STARCH Images from:

_____ also use glucose to make ___________
CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL _____ also use glucose to make ___________ Cellulose makes plants _______ PLANTS CELLULOSE STURDY Images from:

with CELL IDENTIFICATION
CARBOHYDRATES HELP with CELL IDENTIFICATION GLYCOPROTEINS _____________ (proteins with _____ attached) on the surface of cells help cells _____________ sugars recognize “self” More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from:

GLYCOPROTEINS are important for:
BLOOD TYPES ORGAN REJECTION RECOGNIZING GERMS Images from:

_____________ _____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) Carbohydrates Proteins

PROTEINS contain: ________, _________, _______, and _________ and are built from __________ subunits
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen AMINO ACID Image by: Riedell

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Section 2-3 DRAW THE GENERAL STRUCTURE of AMINO ACID IN YOUR NOTES Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

_______ is _________ for each AMINO ACID
R-group different _______ is _________ for each AMINO ACID There are _____________ amino acids used by cells to ________________ 20 different make proteins

What kind of chemical reaction do you think is used to join amino acid subunits to make proteins?
____________ Bond formed is a ________ bond. (between C=O and N) dehydration synthesis peptide

WHAT DO PROTEINS DO? Image from:

Enzymes ______ chemical reactions happen _______.
Image from: ENZYMES PROTEINS ACT AS ___________ enzyme animation Enzymes ______ chemical reactions happen _______. help faster More about this in Chapters 7,8,9 and 12

Some PROTEINS are ENZYMES (organic catalysts)
ACTIVE SITE ENZYME SUBSTRATE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX ENZYME Unchanged & Reusable PRODUCTS Image modified from: Arrow:

Click HERE to learn more about enzymes
ENZYMES _____ like a _______________ one kind of ___________ to only one kind of _________. Enzymes are ___________ by the reaction and ___________ FIT LOCK AND KEY enzyme SUBSTRATE UNCHANGED REUSABLE

_______ and ___________ are _______________ in _____________
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS ARE ___________ _______ and ___________ are _______________ in _____________ Proteins Phospholipids main components cell membranes More about this in Chapters 7 Image from:

PROTEINS ____________
Images from: PROTEINS ____________ FIGHT GERMS ANTIBODIES _____________ are proteins ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM

PROTEINS help in _________
TRANSPORT Proteins in ________________ help ___________ _________ of cells cell membranes move molecules in and out More about this in Chapters 7 and 11 Image from:

PROTEINS help in Transport
HEMOGLOBIN _____________ in ____________ ___________ to all ____ cells red blood cells carries oxygen body More about this in Chapter 11 Image from:

PROTEINS help with __________________
MOVEMENT Images from: MUSCLES Body _________, ____________, and __________________ are made of PROTEINS FLAGELLA MITOTIC SPINDLE More about this in Chapters 7 and 10

PROTEINS act as ___________
HORMONES Eating food puts GLUCOSE in your bloodstream INSULIN ________________ is a protein hormone that ________________________ controls blood sugar Image from:

INSULIN store glucose __________ causes cells to ________
Insulin function image by Riedell using Glycogen image modified from:

People with ____________ can’t make _______________ and their
DIABETES People with ____________ can’t make _______________ and their ___________ stays _________ because cells ___________ glucose. Insulin ______ can replace the missing insulin insulin blood sugar TOO high can’t store shots Image modified from:

_____________ (Fats, oils, waxes, steroids) 4. _____________ Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Lipids are made mainly from __________ and ___________ (very ___________ atoms)
Carbon Hydrogen few oxygen Images:

LIPIDS include triglycerides (____ and ____), __________, _________, _________.
oils fats phospholipids steroids waxes Image from:

WHAT DO LIPIDS DO? Image from:

LIPIDS can be used to _________ for the _____
store energy long term Image from:

LIPIDS ________ Help __________ ___________ (helps with ___________)
insulate Help __________ ___________ (helps with ___________) Maintain body heat homeostasis

LIPIDS __________ INSULATE LIPIDS form __________ myelin (insulation
on ______ cells) myelin nerve

Lipids can be structural ___________________ (lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS ________ _________ Polar head Non-polar tails Arrow:

join with PROTEINS to make _______________________ cell membranes
PHOSPHOLIPIDS join with PROTEINS to make _______________________ cell membranes More about this in Chapters 7 Image from:

STEROIDS ___________ like
LIPIDS can be _____________ HORMONES STEROIDS ___________ like _____________, ___________, and _____________are steroid hormones involved in _____________ TESTOSTERONE ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE reproduction

NUCLEIC ACIDS contain: _______, _________, _______, ___________ and ________
are built from ___________ subunits CARBON NUCLEOTIDE HYDROGEN OXYGEN PHOSPHORUS NITROGEN Image by: Riedell

NUCLEOTIDES have 3 components
Image by: Riedell sugar Changing the _______ & and ____________ produces ___________nucleotide subunits nitrogen base different Arrow:

NUCLEOTIDES 2 SUGARS can be used: ____________ (_____) DEOXYRIBOSE
Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDES 2 SUGARS can be used: ____________ (_____) DEOXYRIBOSE ________ (____) RIBOSE DNA RNA Sugars: Arrow:

5 NITROGEN BASES URACIL ADENINE _____________ = A _____________ = G
_____________ = T (only in DNA) _____________ = U (only in RNA) GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE URACIL

DNA= __________________
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA= __________________ ______________ STRANDED SUBUNITS: A, T, G, C (No U) DOUBLE Image from:

DNA molecule forms a _____ or “twisted ladder”
HELIX DNA molecule forms a _____ or “twisted ladder” ADENINE THYMINE __________ bonds _________ with _________ bonds __________ CYTOSINE GUANINE Image from:

RNA= ________________
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS Ribonucleic acid RNA= ________________ _________STRANDED Subunits: A, U, G, C (NO T) SINGLE Image from:

DNA MAKING _____ USES: uracil DEOXYRIBOSE These Nitrogen bases:
_____________ NO __________ Image by: Riedell A, T, C, or G uracil SUGAR = _______________ DEOXYRIBOSE Sugars:

Making _____ uses” thymine RIBOSE RNA These Nitrogen bases
_____________ NO __________ Image by: Riedell A, U, C, or G thymine SUGAR = __________ RIBOSE Sugars:

What kind of chemical reaction do you think is used to join nucleotide subunits to make nucleic acids? ____________ dehydration synthesis

WHAT DO NUCLEIC ACIDS DO?
Image from:

DNA _______ Stores _________ genetic __________ information in cells
Image from: DNA _______ _________ __________ in cells Stores genetic information More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14

Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved RNA ____________________ from _____ in the nucleus out to the ribosomes to help with _________________ CARRIES INFORMATION DNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS More about this in Chapters 7 and 12

ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to _______________________
Store and transport ENERGY Image by: Riedell ATP RIBOSE Sugar =_____________ Nitrogen base =__________ +___ PHOSPHATE groups RIBOSE ADENINE 3 More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12

Concept Map Carbon Compounds Section 2-3 include Which include
Are made of which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements

Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that include Which include Which include Are made of Sugars and starches Fats and oils DNA, RNA, ATP Amino Acids which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements which contain elements Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

MAKE CONNECTIONS How are the SHAPES of the molecules you learned about related to their FUNCTIONS?

The Chemistry of Life Chapter 2-3

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