1. The Beginning of a New Nation
TCI Chapter
The Beginning of a New Nation

2. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 8.2
The first written plan of gov’t for the US. A confederation is an association of states that cooperate for a common purpose.
 Says that “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence”.
 All 13 states participated and was run by a Congress in which each state had 1 vote.
Colonists did not plan for how they would handle things (like how to run the govt) before the revolution leaving them to scramble upon their victory.
The AOC did not solve all the problems that came up post war.
New concerns surfaced including: taxes, leadership, voting, and what to do with newly acquired land.
***Problems: money

3. NORTHWEST TERRITORY 8.2
A region of the US bounded by the Ohio and MS Rivers and the Great Lakes. The region was given to the US by the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
With this new acquisition of land, Congress, under the AofC, had to determine how to divide the land.
With the passage of a new Land Ordinance, the territory was dived into townships, sections, and acres
Eventually these townships/plots of land would be available for purchase.
However, deciding whether they would be states or colonies was still up in the air.

4. Northwest Ordinance (8.2)
A law passed by Congress in 1787 that specified how western lands would be governed.
As a result from the disputes with the NW Territory, this Ordinance was passed giving a plan for how each plot could eventually gain statehood.
 ***Under this ordinance, slavery was banned in the NW Territory.

5. Daniel Shay 8.3
He led a rebellion of farmers who were angry that they were forced to sell their land and livestock in order to pay back debts.
 Previously had been a hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill.
His leadership forced Congress to reconsider the AOC

6. Shay’s Rebellion 8.3
Farmers, led by Shay, closed down courthouses, marched and seized the Cont. Army’s weapons – in an effort to protest the fact they had to sell land/livestock to pay off debt.
This rebellion was proof that the nation still had a long way to go as far as creating order and an effective government.

7. Processing questions
What issue did the Land Ordinance of 1785 address?
The Land Ordinance of 1785 addressed the issue of how to divide the western lands acquired by the US in the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
Complete the list of rules for the Northwest Territory by filling in the blank:
When a territory has 5,000 free adult males, it can elect its own legislature.
When the population reaches 60,000, a territory can apply for statehood
Settlers have the same rights and privileges as other citizens.
Slavery is banned.

8. Causes of Shay’s Rebellion Effects of Shay’s Rebellion
Congress didn’t have enough gold or silver to mint coins, which caused a money shortage
Farmers had difficulty earning enough to pay their debts and taxes
Farmers were required to sell their land and livestock to pay their debts.
Many Americans saw these things as signs that the nation was falling apart.
Congress called for a convention to revise the AofC.
People like Madison concluded that a nation made up of many groups needs a strong central govt.

9. The Beginning of a New Nation
TCI Chapter 8.4
The Beginning of a New Nation

10. What does this mean? Turn and talk.
…”The ‘just powers’ of governments came from ‘the consent of the governed.’”
What does this mean? Turn and talk.

11. Constitutional Convention (8.4)
1787, Independence Hall
Meeting in Philadelphia where delegates states met to discuss issues of the AofC:
RI did not attend
White, upper class, educated MEN
55 delegates = rep. independent states
Hot & humid conditions, making delegates grumpy
Proposals for a new type of document
Compromises would need to be made!
Click image for video clip

12. James Madison (8.4) “Father of the Constitution” From VA
Greatest impact on formation of document
Had the presence of mind to think about both the structure needed to run a country (Constitution) but listen to the people’s issues later (Bill of Rights)
BrainPop
Click image for video clip

13. Enlightenment (8.4) “Age of Reason” in 17th & 18th Europe
Great thinkers
Rational thought led to truth re: society & nature
John Locke (Thoreau & Emerson will be biggies in America)
“Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”

14. Republic/Republicanism (8.4)
Belief in a system that elects representatives for the people
US Citizens did not want leaders to have too much power
like a monarchy
Gave people a voice in future governmental decisions
Did not discriminate based on wealth (supposedly)

15. Constitution (8.4)
Document outlining beliefs, rules and principles of gov.
Used state constitutions as a model for new US version.
Questions to be addressed:
Representation
Slavery
Power of national govt. vs. state govt’s.
Who will be leader

16. Processing Questions (8.4)
The delegates had differing views on how powerful the national government should be. What did the delegates for a strong national government believe?
Delegates, including Madison, feared that without a strong national government things would be the same as they were under the AofC. If the federal government is weak, it cannot protect it’s citizens.
What did the delegates for stronger state government (or weaker national government) believe?
Adams, Hancock, and Henry feared that a stronger national government would hurt the rights of states and its citizens.

17. The Beginning of a New Nation Compromises to the Constitution
TCI Chapter
The Beginning of a New Nation
Compromises to the Constitution

18. President Obama’s Farewell Address – LAST YEAR
(33:55)

19. Which brings me to my final point: Our democracy is threatened whenever we take it for granted. All of us, regardless of party, should be throwing ourselves into the task of rebuilding our democratic institutions. When voting rates in America are some of the lowest among advanced democracies, we should be making it easier, not harder, to vote. When trust in our institutions is low, we should reduce the corrosive influence of money in our politics, and insist on the principles of transparency and ethics in public service. When Congress is dysfunctional, we should draw our congressional districts to encourage politicians to cater to common sense and not rigid extremes. But remember, none of this happens on its own. All of this depends on our participation; on each of us accepting the responsibility of citizenship, regardless of which way the pendulum of power happens to be swinging. Our Constitution is a remarkable, beautiful gift. But it's really just a piece of parchment. It has no power on its own. We, the people, give it power. We, the people, give it meaning. With our participation, and with the choices that we make, and the alliances that we forge. Whether or not we stand up for our freedoms. Whether or not we respect and enforce the rule of law. That's up to us. America is no fragile thing. But the gains of our long journey to freedom are not assured. In his own farewell address, George Washington wrote that self-government is the underpinning of our safety, prosperity, and liberty, but “from different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken…to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth.” And so we have to preserve this truth with “jealous anxiety;” that we should reject “the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest or to enfeeble the sacred ties” that make us one.
Start at minute 33:55

20. Who will have the loudest voice? Large States vs. Small States
Representation

21. Virginia Plan (8.5) James Madison presented this plan
Known as the “Large State Plan”
Under this plan:
Congress (legislative branch/law-making body)
2 houses: House of Representatives (HOR) & Senate
= Bicameral = two houses (bi=two, cameral=house)
Representation = determined based on population count
Each Representative would have one vote
Bigger State = More People = More Reps = MORE POWER

22. New Jersey Plan (8.5) William Patterson presented this plan
Known as the “Small States Plan”
Under this plan:
3 branches of gov. (legislative, executive, judicial)
One house legislature = unicameral
All states have equal number of reps in Congress
Smaller States = Less People = Same Amount of Reps = Equality

23. Population of US, 1790 (8.5)

24. Great Compromise (8.6) Agreement between the delegates
Under this Compromise:
2 House Legislature = Bicameral = Congress
Senate = Upper House
Equal Representation by all States (currently 2 per state)
House of Representatives = Lower House
Number of reps based on population (more pop = more reps)
Ensured no one area would take more power
Ensured equal voice in government for all states

25. How will slaves be counted? Slave States vs. Free States
SLAVE POPULATION

26. Slave Population, 1790

27. The Three-Fifths Compromise (8.7)
Comprise that states:
3/5 of slaves would counted towards a state’s population OR each slave counted as 3/5 of a person
Gave slave states increased population
Impacting House of Reps #’s
Since only counted as 3/5, free-states were not at a total disadvantage in Congress
Slaves did not achieve any rights – did not have any say in gov.

28. Slave Trade & Runaway Slaves
Not in your textbook, but also addresses at the Convention
Slave Trade & Runaway Slaves

29. Slave Trade & Runaway Slaves
The Issue:
The North wanted Congress to have control over trade
The South was concerned that would negatively impact the Slave Trade
Will interstate trade be controlled by government?
Would slave trade be banned completely?
What would happen to runaway slaves?
The Compromise:
Congress will not place taxes on exports (tariff) to other countries
Congress will not interfere with slave trade for 20 years (1808)
Runaway slaves had to be returned to their owners if caught.

30. Aristocrats vs. The Masses
Election Compromise

31. Electoral College (8.9 & 8.10) The Issue: The Compromise:
Many delegates did not trust the general citizens to choose the President/VP
Some delegates did not think it was fair for Congress to appoint the President
The Compromise:
System was created by which an assembly of delegates, elected by the voters in each state would elect the President
These Electoral Delegates, as they are called, performed the formal duty, at a convention, of electing the president, and now the vice president, of the United States.
Voters choose electors (people who swear to uphold the wishes of the populous…mostly)

32. Today… We still use the Electoral College
The Prez & V.P. are officially elected by a large group of delegates that meet every summer prior to the November election.
The delegates vote for the candidate that won the popular vote (the most votes) in their state
So, it is true, and it has happened….this year
That a candidate could win the most votes from the people, but if they don’t win the most electoral votes they could lose the election
Cue 2000 election of Bush v. Gore (271, 266)

36. Ratify (8.11) To formally approve or make legal
The process is called Ratification
To be ratified:
9 of 13 states must approve = 69%

37. Federalists (8.12) The believed in: They were:
Control and regulation of big government over the people
This would ensure a sound nation with a strong national government
They were:
Educated and wealthy
Not the masses who they believed would bring chaos & anarchy
They wrote the Federalist Papers
Examples of Federalists include:
James Madison
Father of the Constitution
Alexander Hamilton
Am. Rev. vet. & Secretary of Treasury in WA cabinet
John Jay
negotiated Treaty of Paris

38. Federalist Papers (8.12) Written by Federalists
Supporters of a strong national government
Series of essays supporting Constitution
Fed gov. would not overpower states
No one group would control gov.
Overall remedy to Articles of Confederation

39. Anti-Federalists (8.12) The believed that: They were: They wanted:
Constitutional Convention had gone too far in creating new government
Constitution was giving too much power to the national government
They were:
Educated and wealthy
Against the Constitution giving most power to national government
They wanted:
More power to the individual states, hence, the people
A Bill of Rights added that addressed the rights of the people

40. U.S. Constitution (8.12) Went into effect June 1788
DE was 1st state to ratify
RI (under threat of potential of isolation & take over) ratifies last
Madison encourages Bill of Rights
12 amendments to send to states
adds strength & flexibility to Constitution
December 1791, the 10 amendments added

41. BrainPop – Constitutional Convention

42. Processing Questions

43. Complete the matrix to explain the differences between these two plans of government.
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
How many branches of government?
Three
How was the legislature organized?
Two Houses (bicameral)
House of Representatives
Senate
One House (unicameral)
Which types of states did this plan favor? Why?
States with larger populations; they would have more representatives in both houses of Congress
States with smaller populations; each state would get an equal number of votes in Congress

44. House of Representatives
According to the Great Compromise, how are states represented in each house of Congress?
House of Representatives
Senate
 The number of representatives from each state depends on population.
Highlight which group this plan favors: People States
 Each state has two senators elected by the state’s legislature.

45. Processing Questions Continued
How many electors does each state have in the Electoral College?
Each state has as many electors as the number of representatives it send to Congress (HOR + SEN)
Explain the major difference between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
Federalists believed the country needed a strong central government that can unit the country. Anti-Feds were worried that a strong central government would take away from the rights of the states and the people.

46. Further Understanding…
Constitutional Compromises: Crash Course Government and Politics #5
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists in Five Minutes
Federalists v. Anti-Federalists: Ratifying the Constitution (start this at 2:15 – a little lengthier overview)