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Chapter 15 section 1 Spanish conquistadors = conquerors Was Columbus a hero or villain? Claimed their land Seized their possessions Gold quotas Forced conversion to Christianity Hundreds vs. Millions Guns & Cannons vs. Arrows and Spears Metal Armor Horses Disease (smallpox, measles, influenza) No Immunity = No Resistance 1500’s Native Caribbean population declines by as much as 90%.
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Hernan Cortes Coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses, & few cannon Tenochtitlan – Capital of the Aztec Empire (floating city) Malinche – female translator and advisor, helped arrange alliances with neighboring groups to fight the Aztecs Moctezuma – Aztec emperor who welcomed Cortes Later forced to sign over his land and wealth to Cortes Spain later builds Mexico City on top of the ruins of Tenochtitlan Francisco Pizarro Arrives in Peru in 1532 Inca Empire just ended a civil war Atahualpa – refused to convert to Christianity or become a vassal Pizarro is aided by Indian allies. Captured Atahualpa and slaughtered thousands Spain demanded a huge ransom which the Inca paid. He was killed anyway. Weapons & Disease
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Effects Native American labor = silver mines = finance the Spanish empire = Europe’s greatest power Whose Gods were more powerful? Many Native Americans converted to Christianity in hopes their suffering would end. Spain Changed the pattern of Global encounters First exploration of Africa World connected by sea routes (goods, people, and ideas)
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Section 2 New culture (Americas) – European, Native American, & African Spanish empire – California – South America King established the Council of the Indies to supervise and make laws for the colonies Viceroys representatives who ruled in the king’s name established in each province received guidance from audiencias – advisory councils made up of settlers Catholic Church Baptized thousands of Native Americans Built Mission churches European culture (clothing, language, skills)
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Trade Gold & Silver Colonists could only export raw materials to Spain Could only buy Spanish manufactured goods Couldn’t trade with other European nations or other Spanish colonies Sugar Cane increased the need for plantations and a large labor force Ecomiendas The right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans Disease and starvation caused a deep decline in the native population
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Bartolome de Las Casas Priest who condemned the encomienda system Pleaded with the king to stop the system Encouraged Africans to be used Better skill set (farming) Resistant to tropical diseases New Laws = forbade enslavement & abuse of Native Americans (alternative) Peons – workers forced into labor to pay off a debt Landlords provided items (food, tools, seeds) that could never be repaid Culture Blending Native Americans – style of building, foods, artistic styles Europeans - religion, animals Africans – farming methods, cooking styles, drama, music
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Social Hierarchy Peninsulares – people born in Spain Filled the highest spots in govt. & the church Creoles – American descendants of Spanish settlers Owned most of the plantations, ranches and mines Mestizos – Native American & European descent Mulattoes – African & European descent Native Americans & Africans Mexico City 1550 – largest Spanish speaking city in the world 1551 – University of Mexico Treaty of Tordesillas (Portugal) East of the demarcation line= Brazil Land grants for citizens who agreed to develop the land & share profits with the govt. No instant wealth – turn to plantation agriculture & cattle 4 million Africans were sent to Brazil New culture
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Section 3 North America New France Canada From Quebec to the Great Lakes, down the Mississippi River to Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico Nearly ½ of North America Fishing, Fur trapping, and trading Harsh climate (Canada) = 1st permanent settlement until 1608 Louis XIV prohibited Protestants from settling England Focused on the Atlantic Coast = larger population than French territories Jamestown, Virginia – 1607 Disease, starvation Help from native population Exporting of tobacco
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Pilgrims English Protestants who rejected the Anglican Church Religious freedom vs. commercial profit Mayflower Compact Compact – agreement among people Early step towards self-government Colonies Virginia & NY – commercial centers = $$$$ Maryland, Penn, Mass, = religious freedom Georgia & SC = gifts from the English king to loyal supporters Plantation economy Cash crops – tobacco, rice, cotton, sugar Slave Trade Governing Royal governors were appointed to supervise Large degree of self rule Each colony had its own representative assembly – advised governor, made local decisions Colonists expected the same rights as English citizens
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French and Indian Wars GB vs. Fr. in North America 1754 Seven Years War (global war between GB & Fr.) Native Americans joined both sides Treaty of Paris British dominance in North America France was forced to give up Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi to GB. Louisiana Territory was given to Spain France retains its islands in the Caribbean & slave trading outposts in Africa
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Section 4 African Slave Trade Middle Passage – Africans transported to the New World Triangle Trade – Triangle shaped series of Atlantic Trade Routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas Destruction vs. Production Estimated 11 million Africans brought to the New World Estimated 2 million died during the Middle Passage Section 5 Columbian Exchange Global exchange of goods Europe received tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn & potatoes Potatoes & Corn Easy to grow & store Helped feed Europe’s rapidly growing population (cereal) Americas received wheat, grapes from Europe, bananas & sugar cane from Africa and Asia Europeans introduce Cattle, pigs, goats, and chickens, horses and donkeys
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Increase in world population
corn, potatoes, beans, tomatoes dispersal of food items from the New World (plantation economy) Migration of millions of people Promise of a new life Land of opportunities Commercial Revolution Inflation – rise in prices linked to as sharp increase in the amount of money available Price Revolution – time period in European history when inflation rose rapidly due to increases in gold and silver Capitalism – economic system where most businesses are owned privately Entrepreneurs – people who take on financial risks to make profits, source of capitalism
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Joint stock companies – allowed people to pool capital = lessened risk, still chance for profit
Cottage industries weakened the power of the guilds Cottage industry – home industry “Putting out” system – Outsourcing ???? Entrepreneur provides raw materials to cottage industries, buys finished product, assembles and sells at profit Mercantilism Nation’s wealth (and strength) was determined by the amount of gold and silver Nation must export more than it imports Colonies Markets for goods Raw materials Forbidden to buy/trade with rival nations Tariffs – taxes on foreign goods
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