1. Chapter 15: The First Global Age: Europe, the Americas and Africa Section 1: Conquest in the Americas First Encounters The Taino were the first people that Columbus came into contact with They were friendly towards the Spanish This changed when Spanish Conquistadors followed Columbus Europeans also carried disease that the locals had no immunity to Disease wiped out village after village killing as many as 90 %

2. The Conquistadors Hernan Cortes was one of the first Conquistadors Cortes had much success due to his Indian advisor He was eventually able to conquer the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan (teh nawch tee TLAHN) On this site he founded Mexico City Francisco Pizarro soon followed after Cortes His invasion led to South America being pulled into the Spanish Empire

3. Reasons for Victory -superior military power -division among the Indians -disease brought by the Spanish Vocab pg 472, 3-6 pg 476 Section 2: Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas In the 1500’s, Spain had a vast empire in the Americas This territory was divided into 5 provinces To keep control of these colonies, The Council of the Indies was established

4. Each colony was ruled by a Viceroy Spain was very concerned that Christianity was spread in the new colonies Thousands of Native Americans were baptized by Catholic Priests European culture was forced on the Natives as well The economies of the colonies was heavily regulated by Spain All trade was through Spain, and no other European country Silver, gold and sugar cane were the most profitable items obtained from the colonies

5. Colonial Society and Culture Strict Social structure included: -peninsulares (native born Spaniards) -creoles (American born descendants of Spainish settlers) -mestizos (Mix of Native American and European) -mulattoes (Mix of African and European) Spanish settlers lived in cities and towns By 1550 Mexico City was the largest Spanish speaking city in the world Education was very important, and the University of Mexico was established by 1551 Despite Spain dominating the colonies, cultural diffusion occurred Vocab pg 477, 3-6 pg 481

6. Section 3: Struggle for North America In the 1600’s other nations challenged Spain in the New World By 1700 England and France held large parts of North America Building a New France In 1608 the First permanent French settlement in Canada was founded The French were helped by Native American allies, and acquired vast territory The major economic source of New France was fur trapping and trading This was very lucrative but dangerous

7. The King of France began to tax the colonies to generate revenue New France was small in comparison to the English controlled 13 colonies The 13 English Colonies Jamestown was the first permanent English Settlement The main export was tobacco In addition to financial freedom, some came for religious freedom The Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact which was the first “government” of the New World

8. The English had 13 colonies by the 1700’s The English Monarch also controlled the colonies The English Colonies did exercise some self government with their own elected assemblies Competing for Power France, Spain, England and the Netherlands all competed for power in the New World Britain and France had the largest rivalry which resulted in War In 1763 the Treaty of Paris ensured British dominance in North America Vocab pg 482, 3-6 pg 486

9. Section 4: Turbulent Centuries in Africa European Outposts in Africa Portuguese sailors built small ports along the West African Coast They lacked the power to make these profitable centers however As other European countries followed, the slave trade became popular The Atlantic Slave Trade Europeans began to view slaves as the most valuable trade item The Atlantic Slave Trade began in the 1500’s to meet the needs of the Americas

10. Every year tens of thousands of slaves came to the Americas The slave trade became known as the triangular trade: -merchant ships brought goods to Africa in exchange for slaves -slaves were transported to West Indies in exchange for goods (Middle Passage) -these goods were then shipped to Europe or America The Middle Passage was brutal as many slaves died of disease or mistreatment

12. A total of about 13 million slaves were transported on the Atlantic The slave trade had a two part effect on Africa: -decline of African states as population declined -New African states who depended on slave trade These new African states waged war on each other to control the slave trade Pg 398 reading focus 1-3 Pg 402 1-7

13. Section 5: Changes in Europe A Global Exchange On his second voyage Columbus brought several things to the New World: -settlers -European animals -European plants This began the Global exchange also known as the Columbian Exchange On his return to Europe, Columbus brought: -tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers -corn and potatoes This helped feed Europe's rapidly growing population

14. Food coming into the Americas included: -wheat, grapes -bananas, sugar -cattle, pigs, goats and chickens By the 1700’s, the global exchange contributed to population growth around the world The Colombian Exchange also created a mass migration of European people to the Americas and elsewhere A Commercial Revolution European trade with America, Asia and Africa had two effects: -price revolution and modern capitalism

15. The price revolution created a rise in prices and more money in circulation-inflation Capitalism, investment of money to make a profit, also expanded in Europe Capitalistic investors were willing to take chances when demand was high This combination caused a new business class to emerge in Europe Several new business methods made European capitalists very wealthy: -accounting -banking system -joint stock companies Vocab pg 491, 3-6 pg 495

16. Mercantilism European monarchs developed this system to maximize profits The goal was to export more than you import Overseas colonies were crucial to mercantilism To utilize the colonies, strict trade laws were passed Government also took steps to maximize profits at home: -built better roads -issued single national currency -established standard weights and measures They also imposed tariffs on imported goods

17. The Lives of Ordinary People Investment merchants acquired much wealth Nobles were hurt during this period Working class and peasants struggled to keep up with rising prices There was a rise in Lawyers as the need for contracts increased European families were patriarchal and women had few property and legal rights The 1500’s and 1600’s saw Europe begin to dominate the Globe Pg 500 1-20