1. Unit 9 Circulatory System: Blood

2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

3. Functions of the circulatory system:
Transport and exchange
Remove materials
Prevent
Regulate body

4. Anatomy and Physiology of the Blood
is an important component of the circulatory system.
Anatomically and functionally, blood is a connective tissue.

5. Components of Blood 1. (90%)
- Plasma: a yellow liquid component of blood
(90%)
(10%) - proteins,
glucose, clotting factors,
mineral ions, hormones,
and carbon dioxide (waste)

6. Components of Blood 45% - Cellular Component contain hemoglobin,
red color
carry oxygen
help the body fight bacteria and infection
formed in the small ends of bones
Leukocyte # increases when a tissue is damaged or has an infection
Aid the formation of blood clots by releasing various protein
substances
contains fibrin - allows blood to clot (coagulate)

7. Thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)

8. ABO Blood Types
Classified based on certain found on surface of red blood cells
Agglutination
RBC coagulate
Occurs when two different blood types combine
ABO Blood Type
Antigen A
Antigen B
Antibody anti-A
  Antibody Anti-B A
yes no B O AB
Parent Alleles                   A B O
AA (A)
AB (AB)
AO (A)
BB (B)
BO (B)
OO (O)

9. Human ABO Blood Types
Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

10. Rh Factor Does not affect your health except during pregnancy
A woman is at risk when she is Rh- and her partner Rh+
This combination can produce a child who is Rh+
mother to creates antibodies against the Rh factor, thus treating an Rh+ baby like an intruder in her body. If this happens the mother is said to be sensitized.
Rh antibodies will then attack an Rh+ baby's blood, causing it to breaking down the red blood cells of the baby and anemia will develop.
In severe cases this hemolytic disease can cause illness, brain damage and even death.
Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) is a blood product given via injection to help the Rh- mother by suppressing her ability to react to the Rh+ red cells

11. Rh Factor Rh+ Rh- RBC Type Antibodies present None Anti-Rh
Antigens present
Rh antigen

12. Parts of the Circulatory System
circulation - takes the blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated, and returns it to the heart.
Parts involved: heart, pulmonary arteries, capillaries of the lungs, and pulmonary veins.
circulation - flow of oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues in all parts of the body and the return of un-oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Parts involved: arteries, capillaries, and veins

13. Three types of blood vessels
Photo from U. S. Federal Government courtesy of Wikipedia.
→ arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins →

14. Three types of blood vessels:
Arteries - carry blood, rich in oxygen, from the heart to other parts of the body. (Arteries = Away)
Three tissue layers thick: allow to withstand blood pressure
Highly elastic (allows dilation and constriction)
Aorta: largest artery
Divide into arterioles
Where pulse is found
Note: All arteries carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

15. only felt in
spurt of high pressure blood passing along the arteries when the left ventricle contracts
elastic walls of arteries stretch
When the pulse has passed, the walls contract and this helps push the blood along.
easily felt at certain places where an artery passes near the surface of the body (pulse/pressure points)
strongest near the heart and becomes weaker as it travels away from the heart
No pulse in capillaries or veins

16. Pulse Rate / Heartbeat /Heart rate
Measured in bpm (beats per minute)
Average Resting Adult: bpm
Tachycardia – exceeds normal range
Bradycardia – below normal range
Men:
Women:
Athletes:
Factors increase heart rate

18. Blood Pressure
Pressure of blood against the walls of the main arteries
Pressure highest when left ventricle contracts, forcing blood into atrium
– contraction of left ventricle
Pressure lowest between pulses, during relaxtion (ventricles refill)
– relaxation of ventricle
BP =
– high blood pressure
– low blood pressure
– measures
blood pressure

19. Capillaries
connect arteries to veins; specifically arterioles to venules
: distribute the nutrients and oxygen to the body's tissues and remove deoxygenated blood and wastes
Extremely thin: only
Capillary beds are so dense that no living cell is far from its supply of oxygen and food.

20. Capillary Bed Interaction of molecules flowing in and out of blood at a capillary bed.

21. return blood to the heart from all parts of the body.
No pulse
Low pressure
Less elastic and have thinner walls than arteries
Have the same three layers as arteries
Have to overcome gravity
One-way valves – prevent backflow
Skeletal muscle contractions
carry deoxygenated blood towards the lungs where oxygen is received via the pulmonary capillaries.
Note: The pulmonary vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart is an exception.

22. Major Arteries & Veins:Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Artery and Vein – the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood; carries it to the lung

23. Major Arteries & Veins:Systemic Circulation
the main artery that pumps blood into the body
largest artery in body
allows blood to be returned to the heart
largest vein in body
Arteries and veins to and from many organs often run alongside each other and have the same name
– kidney
- hind limbs (legs)
- forelimbs (arms)
- to the head
– from the head
carries blood from the intestines to the liver
only vessel that transports blood from one organ to another rather than to or from the heart like arteries or veins.

25. Blood Disorders Causes Loss of blood due to injury
Infestations of blood-sucking parasites
Low levels of red cell production and hemoglobin
poor nutrition
Symptoms
Chest pain
Dizziness or light-headedness (especially when standing up or with exertion)
Fatigue or lack of energy
Headaches, problems concentrating
Shortness of breath (especially during exercise)
Treatment
Blood transfusions
Corticosteroids or other medicines that suppress the immune system
Erythropoietin, a medicine that helps your bone marrow make more blood cells
Supplements of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, or other vitamins and minerals

26. Sickle Cell Anemia Causes
an abnormal type of hemoglobin is present which distorts the shape of red blood cells,
These fragile, sickle-shaped cells deliver less oxygen to the body's tissues. They also can clog more easily in small blood vessels, and break into pieces that disrupt blood flow.
Sickle cell anemia is inherited from both parents (recessive genetic disorder)
most common in people of African and Mediterranean descent.
Symptoms
usually don't occur until after age 4 months.
Almost all patients with sickle cell anemia have painful episodes (crises), which can last from hours to days. These crises can affect the bones of the back, the long bones, and the chest; severe enough for hospital stay
Delayed growth and puberty
Fatigue
Fever
Jaundice, paleness
Rapid heart rate

27. Normal RBC Sickle Cell Treatment
need ongoing treatment, even when they are not having a painful crisis
take supplements of folic acid (essential for producing red blood cells) because red blood cells are turned over so quickly.
manage and control symptoms, limit the frequency of crises.
Painful episodes are treated with pain medicines and by drinking plenty of fluids. Non-narcotic medications may be effective, but some patients will need narcotics.
Blood transfusions are used to treat a sickle cell crisis. They may also be used on a regular basis to help prevent strokes.
Bone marrow transplants can cure sickle cell anemia.
Prognosis
In the past, sickle-cell patients often died from organ failure between ages 20 and 40. Today patients can live into their 50s or beyond.
Causes of death include organ failure and infection. Some people with the disease experience minor, brief, infrequent episodes. Others experience severe, long-term, frequent episodes with many complications.