1. The Cardiovascular System By Logan A. & Ikaika H-T.

2. Functions of the Cardiovascular System: To provide nutrients and oxygen (for cellular respiration) to tissues throughout the body To remove carbon dioxide waste from tissues throughout the body from cellular respiration To transport hormones and maintain homeostasis

3. Organs of the Cardiovascular System: Heart - Acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. Lungs - Oxygenate blood by exchanging carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Blood Vessels - Forms a circuit to carry blood to and from the heart. - Classified into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins - Arteries and arterioles carry oxygenated blood, venules and veins carry deoxygenated - Capillaries exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide through a semipermeable membrane

5. Structure of the heart Right Side : Blood from the vena cava enters the right atrium and goes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The blood then goes to the lungs via the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary arteries. Left Side : Once the blood is oxygenated it flows back to the heart from the pulmonary veins, which empty into the left atrium. From the right atrium the blood flows through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, which contracts to force blood through the aortic valve and the aorta. The blood then enters the systemic circuit and flows throughout the body.

6. Pulmonary vs. Systemic Circulations The blood flow is divided between pulmonary and systemic circulations Pulmonary circulation involves the deoxygenated blood flowing to the lungs to become oxygenated Systemic circulation involves the oxygenated blood traveling to the tissues all over the body to provide oxygen. The deoxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.

7. Heartbeats Atria and ventricles contract at separate times to move blood through the heart The “lubb-dupp” sound during a heartbeat are caused because of the heart valves closing The “Lubb” occurs during ventricular contraction, when the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close The “Dupp” occurs when the ventricles relax and the pulmonary and aortic valves close

8. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Atherosclerosis -A buildup of plaque in the blood vessels Myocardial Infarction A.K.A. Heart Attack -Occurs when blood flow to the heart stops, caused by atherosclerosis Stroke - Occurs when brain cells die as a result of not getting enough blood. - Can be Ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, or Hemorrhagic, due to bleeding or injury These three diseases can be caused by lack of exercise, smoking, poor diet, alcohol, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

9. Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) -When the heart fails to form properly in the womb. There are several different kinds of defects depending on which area of the heart is affected. CHDs can be genetic. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System (Con’t)

10. Blood Blood is made up of red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and white blood cells. Red blood cells A.K.A. Erythrocytes - Carries oxygen to cells throughout the body via the molecule hemoglobin White blood cells A.K.A. Leukocytes -protect the body from disease and infection. They are transported by the blood Platelets A.K.A. Thrombocytes -made up of fragmented pieces of cytoplasm, they close breaks in damaged vessels and initiate the formation of blood clots Plasma -consists mainly of water (92%), but also consists of gases, electrolytes, proteins, wastes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones. Plasma transports all these substances and regulates the pH

11. Blood Types Blood types depend on the presence of A or B antigens and can be A, B, AB, or O Antibodies in blood react with antigens on foreign blood cells and agglutinate Types A and B have the anti-B and anti-A antibodies respectively, AB has no antibodies and O has both antibodies The Rhesus factor involves Rh antigens. Rh antigens only form in an Rh negative person after an Rh positive blood exposure. This can happen with Rh negative mothers carrying Rh positive fetuses and is called erythroblastosis fetalis.

12. Functions of the Lipoproteins Lipoproteins are lipids combined with proteins and are present in plasma. They vary based on their lipid proportion and all carry fats in the form of triglycerides through the bloodstream. Chylomicron has a high concentration of triglycerides and transports dietary fats to muscle and adipose cells Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is produced in the liver and has a high concentration of triglycerides, which it transports through the blood to adipose cells Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Formed after VLDL gives up its triglycerides and has a high concentration of cholesterol, which it delivers to many different kinds of cells High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has a high concentration of protein and transports used chylomicrons back to the liver.

13. Works Cited Capillaries. Digital image.web-books.com. N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015. Human Heart. Digital image. infohow.org. N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015. Cardiovascular System. Digital image. dreamstime.com N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015. Pathways of Circulation. Digital image.edu.pe.ca N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015. Heart Valves. Digital image. Commons.wikimedia.org. N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015. Congenital Heart Disease. Digital image. zazzle.com N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015. Coronary Artery Disease. Digital image. urmc.rochester.edu N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015. Blood Cells. Digital image. revision.systems. N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015. Blood Types. Digital image. teenskepchick.org N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar.2015 Lipoprotein. Digital image. docstoc.com. N.p. N.d. Web 28 Mar. 2015