1. Verbs Verbs tell what a subject IS or DOES.
Verbs also indicate the time, or TENSE, of an action. For example: past, present, future.
Verbs have 3 PERSONS in both the singular and plural:

2. Verbs: “Persons” 1st person I… we… 2nd person you… you (y’all )…
Singular Plural
1st person I… we…
2nd person you… you (y’all )…
3rd person he, she, it… they…

3. Finding the Present Stem
amo, amare
laboro, laborare
paro, parare
porto, portare
specto, spectare
AMA-
LABORA-
PARA-
PORTA-
SPECTA-

4. Present Active Tense Endings
The present active tense = Present Stem + Present Active Endings
Singular
Plural
First Person
mus we o I
tis
you
Second Person
you s
he, she, it nt
they
Third Person t
Cantemus! (let’s sing…!)

5. Present Active Am o Ama mus Ama tis Ama s Ama t Ama nt
I love I am loving I do love
First Person
We love We are loving We do love Am o
Ama
mus
Second
Person
You love You are loving You do love
You love You are loving You do love
Ama
tis
Ama s
He loves He is loving He does love
Third Person
They love They are loving They do love
Ama t
Ama nt
Present Active

6. Imperfect Tense Text p. 180 (lesson 26)
Imperfect tense is a past tense.
It shows past action uncompleted.
There are several ways to translate imperfect tense:
was verbing
used to verb
kept on verbing
verbed

7. Imperfect Active Tense Endings
The present active tense = Present Stem + Imperfect Active Endings
Singular
Plural
First Person
BAMUS we
BAM I
BATIS
you
Second Person
you
BAS
he, she, it
BANT
they
Third Person
BAT

8. Imperfect Tense bamus Ama bam Ama Ama batis Ama bas Ama bat Ama bant
I was loving I used to love I kept on loving
I loved
bamus
First Person
We were loving
(etc.)
Ama
bam
Ama
You were loving You used to love You kept on loving
You loved
Second
Person
You were loving… (etc.)
Ama
batis
Ama
bas
He was loving…
(etc.)
Third Person
They were loving (etc.)
Ama
bat
Ama
bant
Imperfect Tense

9. Imperfect Tense Practice
Spectabamus
Portabat
Amabas
Parabatis
Navigabam
Monstrabant
We were watching
He/she/it was carrying
You were loving
Y’all were preparing
I was sailing
They were showing

10. Future Tense Verbs
The future tense refers to something that will or is going to happen at a future time.
In English, we use the helping verbs “will” or “shall” to express future tense.
Latin uses prefixes on the present tense verb endings to make future tense verb endings, like this…

11. Future Active Tense (p. 56 in text)
Future Tense Endings
Future Active Tense (p. 56 in text)
Singular
Plural
1st -BO (I will...)
-BIMUS (we will…)
2nd -BIS (you will...)
-BITIS (y’all will…)
3rd -BIT (he/she/it will…)
-BUNT (they will…)

12. Future Active Tense (p. 56 in text)
I will love
First Person
We will
love
Ama bo
Ama
bimus
Second
Person
You will love
Ya’ll will love
Ama
bitis
Ama
bis
He/she/it will love
Third Person
They will love
Ama
bit
Ama
bunt
Future Active Tense (p. 56 in text)

13. 3rd -BIT (he/she/it will…) -BUNT (they will…)
Let’s practice translating future tense verbs!
amabo spectabit 3. portabunt 4. parabitis spectabis
6. parabo 7. laborabit laborabimus
Singular
Plural
1st -BO (I will...)
-BIMUS (we will…)
2nd -BIS (you will...)
-BITIS (y’all will…)
3rd -BIT (he/she/it will…)
-BUNT (they will…)

14. “SUM” “Sum” is the “to be” verb.
Like other languages, including English, “sum” is an irregular verb in Latin.
Let’s look at “be” in English first. See how its forms are all different in the singular?
Singular
Plural
I am
We are
You are
Y’all are
He/she/it is
They are

15. Present Tense: SUM text p. 109
Singular
Plural
sum I am
sumus we are
es you are
estis y’all are
est he/she/ it is
sunt they are
These are stand-alone words, not endings.

16. “SUM” in action! Nauta sum. Est regina. Es agricola bonus. Sunt mali.
Sumus parvi.
Estis reginae.
I am a sailor.
She is a queen.
You are a good farmer.
They are bad.
We are small.
Y’all are queens.

17. Imperfect Tense: ERAM text p. 181
Singular
Plural
eram I was
eramus we were
eras you were
eratis y’all were
erat he/she/ it was
erant they were
These are stand-alone words, not endings.

18. “ERAM” in action! Nauta eram. Erat regina. Eras agricola bonus.
Erant mali.
Eramus parvi.
Eratis reginae.
I was a sailor.
She was a queen.
You were a good farmer.
They were bad.
We were small.
Y’all were queens.

19. Future Tense: ERO text p. 127 (1st chart only)
Singular
Plural
ero I will be
erimus we will be
eris you will be
eritis y’all will be
erit he/she/ it will be
erunt they will be
These are stand-alone words, not endings.

20. “ERO” in action! Nauta ero. Erit servus. Eris agricola bonus.
Erunt laeti (happy).
Numerus erit parvus.
Victoria erit grata.
I will be a sailor.
He will be a slave.
You will be a good farmer.
They will be happy.
The number will be small.
Victory will be pleasing.