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Cell Energy
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Chemical Energy in Food
Much of the E in a hamburger is stored in the form of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Before you can use this E, it is transferred to the bonds between the phosphates in ATP through a process called cellular respiration Oxygen in the air you breath makes the production of ATP more efficient but ATP can be made without oxygen - Aerobic – metabolic processes requiring oxygen - Anaerobic – metabolic processes that do not require oxygen
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Chemical Energy in Food
The cell would be destroyed if it burned food and released the entire E at once, so instead it must release a little at a time through a process known as cellular respiration. 3 steps of cellular respiration if oxygen is present: Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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Overview of Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: process that releases E by breaking down glucose (and AA & FA) molecules. This is the overall equation but it happens in many steps. 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy
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Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC take place in the mitochondria
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Mitochondria Structure
Smooth outer membrane Folded inner membrane - these folds are called the cristae Space inside cristae is called the matrix
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Stages of Cellular Respiration
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Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix
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Glycolysis ATP Production: net gain of 2
NADH Production: NAD+ (electron acceptor) accepts a pair of electrons to form the electron carrier NADH, which will then carry these electrons until they are needed later in the ETC to make more ATP. Glucose - hexose 1. 2. Pyruvic acid 3.
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Fermentation – No Oxygen
The recycling of NAD+ is called fermentation Occurs in the cytoplasm 2 types of fermentation Alcoholic Lactic Acid
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Lactic Acid Fermentation (Anaerobic)
Many cells will do lactic acid fermentation when they run out of O2. Makes NO additional ATP, (only the 2 from glycolysis) Pyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Just as in lactic acid fermentation, NAD+ is recycled and glycolysis can continue to produce ATP Produces ethanol & CO2 Carried out by yeast and some bacteria Used in making foods and drinks – bread, beer, wine Pyruvate + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Carbon dioxide released by yeast causes bread to rise and the carbonation of beer Rubbing alcohol and nail polish remover are also produced by alcoholic fermentation
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Overview of Cellular Resp.
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