1. Supreme Court Civil Rights: African-Americans The Accused Women Native Americans

2. The Warren Court ( )

3. Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, KS
Found segregation of public schools to be unconstitutional

4. Defender (Chicago) June 12, 1954

5. “No job for a race horse” “Forced Progress” “Gradualism”
The Arkansas Democrat
May 22, 1954
“No job for a race horse”
“Forced Progress”
“Gradualism”

6. Chronicle
(San Francisco) May 18, 1954

7. Afro-American (Richmond) May 22, 1954

8. Yates v. US (1957)
The First Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists
unless it was a “clear and present danger” to the safety of the country

9. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Exclusionary rule:
Illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused

10. Baker v. Carr (1962)
Gerrymandering shown to favor rural areas and disadvantage large cities
“one man, one vote” – election districts to be drawn to provide equal representation
1965 flag from the voting-rights march (Selma to Montgomery, AL)
led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

11. Engel v. Vitale (1962)
State laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in public schools
violated the First Amendment’s separation of church & state
Engel Vitale Nobolis

12. Murray v. Curlett (1963) ended daily prayer in US public schools.
Madalyn Murray O'Hair later founded the American Atheists
1964: Life magazine referred to her as "the most hated woman in America."
Mysteriously disappeared 1995 – found murdered

13. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Sixth Amendment requires states provide council (the services of an attorney) for indigent (poor) criminal defendants

14. Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
Police must honor a person’s request for a lawyer to be present during interrogation

15. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
A state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults because of a citizen’s “right to privacy”
The adult right to privacy was later expanded in Roe v. Wade

16. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Inform: 1 phone call to obtain a lawyer
right to remain silent,
whatever said could be used against you,
right to an attorney even if can’t afford one
1 phone call to obtain a lawyer

17. The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) (1966)
establishes the public's right to obtain information from federal government agencies.
"Any person", including U.S. citizens, foreign nationals, organizations, associations, and universities can request information
In 1974, after the Watergate scandal, the Act was amended to force greater agency compliance.
It was also amended in 1996 to allow for greater access to electronic information.

18. Twenty-Sixth Amendment (1971)

19. The Burger Court (1969 –1986)
Warren E. Burger
Appointed by Nixon

20. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
unanimous ruling supporting busing to reduce de facto racial segregation in schools.

21. de jure happens “by law” –through segregation laws
de facto happens “by fact” rather than by law
Ex: a primarily Af-Ams neighborhoods produces predominantly black neighborhood schools

22. “Affirmative Action” 1961: term first introduced by JFK
Active policies to ensure equal opportunity for blacks, women, and other minorities in education and jobs.
Enforced by President Johnson. "We seek… not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result."

23. 1974: Forced Busing in Boston

24. Boston
Had an “open enrollment” policy that permits any child to transfer to any school where there is rooom
25 Boston schools had enrollments less than 20% white
A new state law required schools to correct racial imbalance or forfeit state funds
The US Commissioner of Education was investigating if Boston’s schools could continue to quality for 2M in federal aid
“yellow slips”

25. "I believe that little children should go to schools in their own neighbor hoods with the children with whom they play — it's as simple as that."
Yellow slips! Yellow slips!" she yelled, referring to certificates that are required for school transfers. "Without those yellow slips your children will be turned away!" In response, the Negroes shot back boos and catcalls. As it happened, a few dozen Negro kids were turned back until they could pick up their slips, but by last week about 300 had been successfully transferred.
"I defy any of the civil rights leaders to prove that any of our neighborhood schools are inferior." When Negroes protest that this is the old "separate but equal" argument, she retorts: "Stop banging on our door—the real problem is housing." She feels misunderstood. "In every one of the major cities the civil rights leaders have found a scapegoat. If it has to be me, so be it. My conscience is clear." Mrs. Louise Day Hicks 46 chairman of the five-man Boston School Committee, which sets policy for Boston's public schools.

26. Integration: South vs. North
Southern: de jure segregation
Chief Justice Earl Warren had stated “Segregation in Boston was eliminated in 1855” (Brown, 1954)
Northern: de facto segregation
schools were just as segregated because of segregated housing patterns – South Boston and Charlestown were primarily white areas

27. Boston: Morgan v. Hennigan (1972)
1974: MA Federal Court, Judge Garrity ruled the Boston School committee “intentionally brought about and maintained racial segregation”; it had resisted desegregation; it alone had the power to decide who when to any given school

28. 1974 – Garrity ordered immediate action be taken to integrate Boston schools in the school year
Thousands of white students would be bused to black communities, black students would be bused to white schools,
: protests and demonstrations revealed white resistance and racial tension in Boston…

29. Phase 1: Black students from Roxbury, “the heart of Boston’s black ghetto” would be bused to South Boston (Italian)

30. Most schools quietly complied with busing
South Boston: buses carrying black children were greeted by an angry mob that threw rocks through the windows – 9 black students were injured
Black parents organized efforts to escort their children to school safely

31. Incidents of white-black violence in South Boston and black-white violence in Roxbury
Taunting/fights in schools
12/11/74: a black student at South Boston HS stabbed a white classmate

32. 1975: busing was revised, but violence against Boston’s black community continued, particularly in Charlestown and South Boston
Many white families boycotted the schools
Boston's busing plan continued indefinitely. Eventually, the violence subsided as some white families complied, while others enrolled their children in private schools or moved out of the city altogether into predominantly white suburbs.

33. 1975-6
Phase II: busing of blacks and Latinos into Charlestown (Irish) and “Townie” children into Roxbury
Faced similar opposition
Italian students from East Boston had also encountered hostilities when they had chosen to attend Charlestown High before Garrity’s busing

34. 1974: Busing in Boston

35. Forced busing in the south

36. de facto segregation de jure segregation
happens “by fact” rather than by law
Ex: a concentration of Af-Ams in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black
It still can be found throughout the country
(di JOOR-ee, day YOOR-ay) happens “by law”
In the South, racial segregation was de jure
In the North, it was de facto.
de jure segregation

37. Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
Expands the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination based upon race, religion, gender, or national origin
Disability is defined as "a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity."
Employment, public services, public accommodations, telecommunications

39. United States v. U.S. District Court (1972)
a warrant must be obtained before beginning electronic surveillance
even if domestic security issues were involved.
Warrentless wiretapping is currently a major issue of debate regarding the War on Terror

40. Furman v. Georgia (1972)
in a 5-4 decision, invalidated all death penalty laws
“cruel & unusual
Racial & economic imbalance
Insufficient due process safeguards

41. Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Amish families could home school their children after elementary school
because the Amish believed that a public school education posed a threat to their religion

42. Roe v. Wade (1973)
Burger voted with the majority to recognize a broad right to privacy that prohibited states from banning abortions before the point of viability.

43. The War Powers Resolution (1973)
In response to Vietnam & Korea
the President can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress
or if America is already under attack or serious threat.
The War Powers Act requires that the president notify Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to military action
and forbids troops from remaining for more than 60 days without a declaration of war.
How might this apply today?

44. United States v. Nixon (1974)
unanimous 8-0 decision
Against Nixon's attempt to keep several memos and tapes relating to the Watergate scandal private. The ongoing scandal caused Nixon to resign in order to avoid impeachment.

45. Nixon Resigns (1974) August 8, 1974 “I have never been a quitter.”

46. Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
the Court majority reinstated the death penalty
Meets contemporary standards of decency
Proportional to crime
No unnecessary infliction of pain
Is a deterrent

47. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
Quotas = reverse discrimination
race could be only one of the factors considered in choosing a diverse student body in university admissions decisions.
UofCA Davis medical school’s 16% minority quota had discriminated against Allan Bakke
rejected Bakke 2 years in a row while accepting less qualified minority applicants
HOWEVER, the Court upheld the legality of affirmative action overall

48. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978)
prescribed procedures for physical and electronic surveillance and collection of "foreign intelligence information"
between "foreign powers" and "agents of foreign powers" (which may include American citizens)
created a court which meets in secret, and approves or denies requests for search warrants.

49. FISA under Bush
Only the number of warrants applied for, issued and denied, is reported.
In 1980 (the first full year) it approved 322 warrants.
In 2006 it approved 2224 warrants.
a total of 22,990 applications for warrants were made to the Court, and only 5 were definitively rejected

50. Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) upheld Georgia law criminalizing sodomy
laws criminalizing homosexuality were ancient?:
[sodomy is a] "crime against nature...of deeper malignity than rape Burger citing Blackstone

51. Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Gregory Johnson burned an American flag at a political demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas

52. USA PATRIOT Act (2001)
“Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act”
The act expands the authority of US law enforcement agencies for the stated purpose of fighting terrorism in the United States and abroad. Among its provisions, the Act increases the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, communications, medical, financial and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and enhances the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expands the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA Patriot Act’s expanded law enforcement powers can be applied.

53. THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT

54. 1970s = The “Me Decade” ???????

55. Clean Air Act (1963)
established emissions standards in factories and automobiles

56. Rachael Carson’s Silent Spring
Published 9/1962
100K copies sold by Christmas

57. Consumerism Protects consumers from businesses
Ralph Nader’s “Unsafe at Any Speed” (1965)
Detailed poor safety standards for automobiles
Manufacturer’s resistance to seat belts

58. “Nadar’s Raiders” Consumer advocates
grassroots civic activism in the 1980s
Investigated federal bureaucracies
Protecting the environment & worker’s rights, limit corporate power
They researched and prepared reports that helped spur legislative change.

59. Ralph Nader
“Green Party” candidate for president
1996
2000
2004

60. Coyahoga River Fire (1969)
the Coyahoga River on the southern shores of Lake Erie caught on fire
oil and chemicals, in the lake somehow ignited

61. Cuyahoga Cuyahoga, gone Let's put our heads together, start a new country up, Underneath the river bed we burned the river down. This is where they walked, swam, hunted, danced and sang, Take a picture here, take a souvenir

62. Earth Day (1970)
Reflected growing concerns over pollution/the environment
Unofficial start of environmental movement
20 million participated

63. Environmental Protection Agency (1970)
Established by NIXON!
charged with protecting human health and with safeguarding the natural environment: air, water, and land.

64. Clean Air Act Extension
the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955,
the Clean Air Act of 1963
the Clean Air Act Extension (1970)
1977 Clean Air Act Amendment
1990 Clean Air Act Amendment
Regulate greenhouse gasses?

65. SALT I (1971) “strategic arms limitation talks”
Agreement between US and USSR
An ENVIRONMENTAL policy?
limit nuclear arms

66. The Endangered Species Act (1973)
Anti-extinction legislation (Silent Spring)
arguably the most powerful conservation law ever enacted by any nation
provides protection to fish, wildlife, and plants listed as endangered or threatened and identify critical habitat

67. HOWEVER, the environmental movement primarily acted the community level

68. One of the best examples of community action
Love Canal, NY (1978)
One of the best examples of community action

69. LOIS GIBBS local mother
children's recurring epilepsy, asthma, and urinary tract infections
wondered if connected to their exposure to leaking chemical waste.
LOIS GIBBS

70. Gibbs later discovered that her neighborhood sat on top of 21K tons of buried chemical waste

71. Gibbs led a community effort to investigate
residents made repeated complaints of strange odors and "substances" that surfaced in their yards.
City officials were brought to investigate the area, but did not act to solve the problem.

72. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) discovered in 1979:
residents exhibited a "disturbingly high rate of miscarriages...Love Canal can now be added to a growing list of environmental disasters involving toxics, ranging from industrial workers stricken by nervous disorders and cancers to the discovery of toxic materials in the milk of nursing mothers."

73. Love Canal and Times Beach, Missouri, led to the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA).
Established a “superfund" to help the clean-up

74. Three Mile Island (1979)
Maximum meltdown radius

75. Chernobyl (1986)

76. Exxon Valedez oil spill (1989)
Reinforced fears of the deadly combination of human error and modern technology

77. The Native American Movement

78. Eisenhower
Encouraged Native Americans to leave reservations and assimilate into urban society
Native American leaders resisted the loss of cultural identity

79. American Indian Movement (AIM) (1968)
Platform: demanded radical changes in the administration of reservations
To achieve self-determination
Revive tribal traditions
AIM soon took militant action

80. "Un-Thanksgiving Day" Alcatraz (1969)
AIM took over the abandoned prison in San Francisco Bay
Indians have gathered on Alcatraz every November since 1975 on
"Un-Thanksgiving Day"

81. Wounded Knee, SD (1973) Site of 1890 massacre by US cavalry
AIM occupied for 71 days
11 hostages taken
1 federal agent was paralyzed
2 Indians killed
500,000 bullets fired
600 people arrested
0 convicted!

82. Pine Ridge (1975)
two FBI Agents died during a shoot-out on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
1977: Leonard Peltier sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment
“Free Peltier” movement

83. Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)
Gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement
The Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act (1978)
Improvement in education aimed at reducing unemployment and poverty on reservations

84. Hispanic

85. Chicano movement La Raza Unida (1969)
Hispanic American political party
1st Third party organized around ethnicity
to secure job training & loans for Mexican Americans
Promoted political, social and economic improvement

86. Caesar Chavez Mexican American
farm worker,
labor leader,
civil rights activist
founded the National Farm Workers Association with Dolores Huerta
later became the United Farm Workers.

87. César Chávez and Dolores Huerta fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964.
undermined U.S. workers
exploited the migrant workers

88. 1965: Chávez supported the Filipino-Am farm workers Delano grape strike
Six months later, Chávez and the NFWA led a strike of California grape pickers and a farm workers march from Delano to Sacramento.
The UFW encouraged all Americans to boycott table grapes
The strike lasted five years
Attracted national attention.

89. 1966 the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor held hearings in California on the strike.
subcommittee member Robert F. Kennedy expressed his support for the striking workers.

90. The Gay Liberation Movement

91. Stonewall Riots June 27: Judy Garland dies
June 28: police officers raided Stonewall Inn, a small Greenwich Village bar
The crowd of onlookers began pelting the officers with coins, stones and bottles.
The police, surprised by and unused to such resistance, beat those they could reach with nightsticks, but eventually were forced to take refuge by locking themselves inside the Stonewall.

92. Someone squirted lighter fluid inside the bar and attempted to ignite it.
parking meter were used as a battering ram against the front of the Stonewall.
others chanted "Gay Power!"
a riot-control police unit arrived to rescue the trapped officers and break up the demonstration. However, it would be more than an hour before the unit was finally able to disperse the crowd

93. a group of drag queens taunted the police by singing at the top of their lungs:
We are the Stonewall girls We wear our hair in curls We wear no underwear We show our pubic hair We wear our dungarees Above our nelly knees!

94. The modern Gay Rights Movement was born

95. Homosexuality & Psychology
DSM-I (1968)
The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
▪ classified homosexuality as a sexual deviation

96. DSM-II (1973)
1973: the revised DSM-II eliminated the general category of homosexuality and replace it with “sexual orientation disturbance.”
____________________________________

97. Harvey Milk 1977 - 1st openly gay politician elected
San Francisco Board of Supervisors

98. Daniel White, a fellow City Supervisor, murdered Milk on 11/27/78
a psychologist testified: junk food exacerbated White's depression.
More than 160 people ended up in the hospital when San Francisco erupted after the verdict

99. DSM-III (1978)
1978: The DSM-III diagnosis of ego-dystonic homosexuality
"...represented a compromise between those individuals whose clinical experience, interpretation of the data, and, perhaps, biases, led them to the conviction that homosexuality was a normal variant of sexual expression..."

100. Gaylord v. Tacoma, WA
1978: Supreme Court refused to hear the case of the firing of a teacher for being homosexual.

101. “Save our Children Campaign”
coalition headed by Anita Bryant
To repeal the Dade County FL ordinance that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation

102. "As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children"

103. “If gays are granted rights, next we'll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St. Bernards and to nail biters."

104. "All America and all the world will hear what the people have said, and with God's continued help we will prevail in our fight to repeal similar laws throughout the nation."

105. 1978: the Supreme Court did not overturn the prison sentence of a man convicted solely of having consensual sex with another man

106. DSM-IV (1987) homosexuality is no longer considered a disorder
But it still permits the diagnosis of "Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified"
for someone with "...persistent and marked distress about sexual orientation".

107. Ryan White
"Because of the lack of education on AIDS, discrimination, fear, panic, and lies surrounded me. I was labeled a troublemaker, my mom an unfit mother, and I was not welcome anywhere. People would get up and leave so they would not have to sit anywhere near me. Even at church, people would not shake my hand. This brought on the news media, TV crews, interviews, and numerous public appearances. I became known as the AIDS boy. I received thousands of letters of support from all around the world, all because I wanted to go to school."
---Ryan White at the President’s Commission on AIDS in 1988

108. The AIDS Quilt (1987)

109. Announced he had AIDS in 1991
“Magic” Johnson
Announced he had AIDS in 1991

110. 1993 “Don’t ask, Don’t Tell”
President Clinton’s attempt to end discrimination against gays and lesbians in the military
“Don’t ask, Don’t Tell”

111. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994)
requires the United States Sentencing Commission to increase the federal penalties for “hate crimes”
committed on the basis of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation of any person.

112. Matthew Shepard (1998)
“gay bashing” case
a gay student at UofWY
attacked 10/6/98
died from severe head injuries
His murder brought national attention to the issue of hate crime legislation at the state and federal levels.

113. Check out this anti-Semitic website accusing the liberal media of suppressing black “hate crimes” against whites!

114. FEMINISM

115. FEMINISM
Spurred by increasing employment opportunities and increasing numbers of educated women
Questioned “traditional” women’s roles
Increased opportunities for women in work, education, and business !

116. 1918: Condoms legalized
1920s: birth rate drops ½ Condom reliability still terrible by modern standards
1960: Searle drug company receives FDA approval for Enovid – 1st birth control pill.
"The Pill" revolutionizes contraception - is nearly 100% effective
BUT terrible side effects deadly blood clots - the dose was 10x too high.

117. 1960 Women earn only 60 cents for every dollar earned by men
A decline since 1955.
Women of color earn only 42 cents.

118. President's Commission on the Status of Women (1961)
JFK establishes the PCSW
appoints Eleanor Roosevelt as chairwoman.
The 1963 report documents substantial workplace discrimination against women
makes recommendations for
fair hiring practices,
paid maternity leave,
and affordable child care.

119. “Affirmative Action”
to provide minorities access to good jobs and adequate schooling
to improve the social and economic status of minorities and women
to give minorities and women the opportunity to begin building better lives

120. The Feminine Mystique (1963)
Betty Friedan
one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century.
attacked “traditional” gender roles
the popular notion that women sole satisfaction comes through homemaking.
Five million copies are sold by 1970
Helped spur the Feminist Movement

121. Equal Pay Act (1963)
outlawed paying men more than women for the same job in most cases.

122. Political awakening & Activism
Gloria Steinem
In 1963 she was employed as a Playboy Bunny at the New York Playboy Club
to research an article that exposed how women were treated at the clubs.
The article was a sensation
Steinem was in-demand
Political awakening & Activism

123. Shirley Chisholm
1968: became the first African American woman elected to Congress.
She hired an all-female staff and fought for civil rights and women’s rights;
she was cofounder of the National Organization for Women (NOW).
A vocal critic of the Vietnam War, Chisholm was a champion of the poor and fought for increased funding for education.

124. “Breeders” or Career women
Margaret Atwood, a feminist author, explored themes on women’s roles since 1969
Her most famous work: The Handmaid’s Tale (1986)
Handmaids are fertile women whose are forced to bear children as their social function

125. 1964 Civil Rights Act
Title VII: prohibited gender discrimination by employers

126. Affirmative Action challenged:
Was always meant to be temporary
Supreme Court outlawed reserving a fixed number of jobs, promotions, and places in schools for minorities and women
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

127. N.O.W. (1966) National Organization for Women
Founded by Betty Friedan, Shirley Chisholm, & 27 others
To create equality between the sexes

128. “No fault” divorce
California becomes the first state to adopt a "no fault" divorce law
allows couples to divorce by mutual consent.
By 1985 every state has adopted a similar law
Laws are also passed regarding the equal division of common property.

129. Ms. magazine Founded by Gloria Steinem in 1971
“More than a magazine – a movement”

130. Roe v. Wade (1972)
most laws against abortion in the United States violated a constitutional right to privacy
under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The decision overturned all state and federal laws outlawing or restricting abortion that were inconsistent with its holdings.
Roe v. Wade is one of the most controversial and politically significant cases in Supreme Court history

131. “Pro-Life” vs. “Pro-Choice”

132. Shirley Chisholm for President!
1972: 1st woman to launch a major campaign for president
she did not win her party’s nomination, but received 151 delegate votes.

133. Education Amendments of 1972
Also known as the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act
Title IX
Title VII

134. Title IX of the 1972 Equal Opportunity in Education Act
prohibited gender-based discrimination in federally funded schools

136. Title VII of the 1972 Equal Opportunity in Education Act
outlawed discrimination by private employers on the basis of gender

137. Equal Rights Amendment
“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex”
written in 1923 by Alice Paul
The ERA was introduced into every session of Congress between 1923 and 1972, when it was passed and sent to the states for ratification.
the ERA was never ratified – when the time-limit expired 1982 it was 3 states short of the 38 required
It has been reintroduced into every Congress since that time.

138. ERA supporter

140. Phyllis Schlafly
opposed the E.R.A.: it would take away the "special protection" the "Christian tradition of chivalry" offered women - in other words, the "right" to be "supported and protected" by men.
linked the ERA with military conscription for 18-year-old girls
coed bathrooms
homosexual rights.

141. 1973
The 1st battered women's shelters open in the US, in Tucson, Arizona and St. Paul, Minnesota.

142. Roe v. Wade (1973)
the Supreme Court establishes a woman's right to abortion within the first three months of pregnancy
Based upon a broad right to privacy
prohibited states from banning abortions before the point of viability.
canceled the anti-abortion laws of 46 states

143. Billie Jean King 6 Wimbledon singles championships 4 U.S. Open titles.
She was ranked No. 1 in the world five years.
She defeated such magnificent players as Martina Navratilova, Chris Evert and Margaret Court.
King was instrumental in making it acceptable for American women to exert themselves in pursuits other than childbirth.
She started a women's sports magazine and a women's sports foundation.

144. “The Battle of the Sexes”
1973: Bobby Riggs vs. Billie Jean King
Riggs: a 1939 Wimbledon champion & sexist
"I thought it would set us back 50 years if I didn't win that match," she said. "It would ruin the women's tour and affect all women's self esteem."
King was carried out on the Astrodome court like Cleopatra, in a gold litter held aloft by four muscular men dressed as ancient slaves.
Riggs was wheeled in on a rickshaw pulled by sexy models in tight outfits, "Bobby's Bosom Buddies."
the London Sunday Times called it: "the drop shot and volley heard around the world."

145. She put the self-proclaimed “male chauvinist pig” in his place
King
age 29
defeated
Riggs
age 55
6-4
6-3

146. 1974 The Equal Credit Opportunity Act Corning Glass Works v. Brennan
prohibits discrimination in consumer credit practices on the basis of sex, race, marital status, religion, national origin, age, or receipt of public assistance.
Corning Glass Works v. Brennan
employers cannot justify paying women lower wages because that is what they traditionally received under the "going market rate."
A wage differential occurring "simply because men would not work at the low rates paid women" is unacceptable.

147. 1976 The first marital rape law is enacted in Nebraska:
making it illegal for a husband to rape his wife.

148. 1978
For the first time in history, more women than men enter college.

149. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978)
a woman cannot be fired or denied a job or a promotion because she is or may become pregnant
nor can she be forced to take a pregnancy leave if she is willing and able to work.

150. HOWEVER
The declining economy created a growing gap between men’s and women’s earning power

151. Geraldine Ferraro
1984: 1st female VP nominee on a major ticket

152. Sandra Day O’Connor
1981: the first woman justice to sit on the Supreme Court
Appointed by Reagan

153. Sexual Harassment Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986)
the Court finds sexual harassment is a form of illegal job discrimination.

154. 1990 The number of Black women in elective office has increased from

155. Clarence Thomas & Anita Hill
1991, President George Bush nominated Clarence Thomas,
Anita Hill, a law professor at the University of Oklahoma, came forward with sexual harassment allegations
Hill had worked for Thomas when he was head of the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission.
Hill charged that Thomas harassed her with inappropriate discussion of sexual acts and pornographic films after she rebuffed his invitations to date him.
In the end, the Senate voted to confirm Clarence Thomas

156. 1992 Women now paid 71 cents for every dollar paid to men.
64 cents for working-class women
77 cents for professional women with doctorates.
Black women earned 65 cents
Latinas earn 54 cents.

157. 1993: 2nd female Supreme Court Justice
Ruth Bader Ginsberg
1993: 2nd female Supreme Court Justice
Nominated by Clinton

158. Madeleine Albright 1996: 1st woman to become Secretary of State.
appointed by Bill Clinton on

159. Janet Reno
1993: 1st woman Attorney General

160. 1996 US women's spectacular success in the Olympics
19 gold medals
10 silver
9 bronze
The result of large numbers of girls and women active in sports since the passage of Title IX.

161. 1999 American Women's World Cup soccer team champions!
"They changed the perception of women's sports in society"
90,185: the largest ever crowd to see a women's sporting event.
Millions watched at home.

162. Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (2007)
A female tire plant worker claimed pay discrimination
Lost: the conservative majority concluded she missed a critical deadline for filing a lawsuit.
Lilly Ledbetter accused gender discrimination:
court records showed she was being paid $6,000 less than men doing the same work, including those who were the lowest paid in their job duties.

163. Ginsburg said: "The court does not comprehend, or is indifferent to, the insidious way in which women can be victims of pay discrimination. Today's decision counsels: Sue early on, when it is uncertain whether discrimination accounts for the pay disparity you are beginning to experience."

164. Traditional Family is Changin…
the divorce rate soared, and parents and children spent less time together

169. The New Age Movement people are capable of self-healing
people’s lives and fate are their own creation
daily meditation can lead to peace and harmony
the spiritual movement led by the guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was called “Transcendental meditation”
another term used to describe enlightenment is “Zen”