2. Objective: To examine the importance of the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education

3. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional. A Sign at the Greyhound Bus Station, Rome, Georgia

4. Oliver Brown challenged that his daughter, Linda, should be allowed to attend an all-white school near her home instead of the distant all-black school she had been assigned to. With help from the NAACP, the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka reached the Supreme Court, challenging the constitutionality of Plessy v. Ferguson.NAACP Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Oliver Brown was a welder for the Santa Fe Railroad and a part-time assistant pastor Linda Brown was in the third grade when her father began his class action lawsuit.

7. Brown’s lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, argued that “separate” could never be “equal”

8. The Decision Segregation in public schools was unconstitutional Violated the 14 th Amendment nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person the equal protection of the laws. Segregated schools were not equal

9. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Brown family, and schools nationwide were ordered to be desegregated. What eventually happened to Thurgood Marshall?

10. Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) U.S. Supreme Court.

11. He was violating federal law. · In Little Rock, Arkansas, Gov. Orval Faubus opposed integration. · In 1957, he called out the National Guard in order to prevent African Americans from attending an all-white high school.

12. The Little Rock Nine

13. Pres. Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock to escort the students to school Why did President Eisenhower have to use the military to escort the Little Rock Nine to school? Members of the 101st US-Airborne Division escorting the Little Rock Nine to school

14. The Warren Court Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Earl Warren – Considered an “activist” court. Overturned many old laws and established new ones. His court will expand individual’s rights.

15. Good evening I was Chief Justice Earl Warren. Some of the cases I helped to decide had a significant impact on our country.

16. 1- Read over the case 2- Summarize what the case is about 3- Summarize the court’s decision

17. Our first case is a First Amendment that my court, Tinker v. Des Moines

18. Tinker V. Des Moines Issue: Are students 1 st amendment right of freedom of speech protected when in school ?

19. Tinker V. Des Moines The Court ruled that schools cannot limit a students freedom of speech if it poses no threat or disruption.

20. The first case is Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

21. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Issues: May evidence obtained in a search that violated the Fourth Amendment be used in a state court?

22. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) The Court held: all evidence obtained through illegal searches and seizures is inadmissible in state court. This decision created the exclusionary rule, placing on all levels of government the requirement of excluding illegally obtained evidence from all criminal court proceedings.

23. Our next case concerns the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments; Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

24. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Issue: Do the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee a right to legal counsel in all cases?

25. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) The court held: Gideon had a right to be represented by a court-appointed attorney. Overruled Betts v. Brady (1942). Justice Black: “an obvious truth” that a fair trial for a poor defendant requires a competent legal counsel.

26. Our next case is one of the most famous in American history. It involves the Fifth Amendment: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

27. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Issue: Did the police practice of interrogating individuals without interrogating individuals without advising them of their right to counsel advising them of their right to counsel and protection against self-incrimination and protection against self-incrimination violate the Fifth Amendment? violate the Fifth Amendment?

28. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) The Court held: Prosecutors could not use statements in court that had been made by defendants unless police had advised them of their privilege against self-incrimination. The Court also specifically outlined what police warnings to suspects must include (right to remain silent, right to counsel present during questioning, etc.)

30. The Warren Court Engel vs. Vitale Prayer in public schools violated the separation of church and state. Mapp vs. Ohio Evidence seized illegally cannot be used during trial. Gideon vs. Wainwright Suspects who could not afford a lawyer have the right to free legal aid. Miranda v. Arizona Suspects being questioned must have the opportunity to have a lawyer present. Baker v. Carr One person, One Vote – settled under- representation of city dwellers to Congress. Tinker v. Des Moines Students freedom of speech in schools is protected as long as it doesn’t disrupt or is viewed as harmful Escobedo vs. Illinois Suspects being questioned must have the opportunity to have a lawyer present.