1. Introduction and Historical Overview
Chapter One
Introduction and Historical Overview
SeongBae YI

2. Contents About Memory A Short History of Research on Memory
Antiquity and middle Ages
Beginnig of Modern Psycholgy
British Empiricism and Continental Nativism
Scientific Psychology
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Reaserch After Ebbinghaus

3. Memory Metaphor What is memory?
Most people think about memory - A place where information is stored
There have been many views to conceive of memory
Structure : Wechsler(1963)
Process : Growder(1993a)
Function : Neath&Surprenant (2003)
No single view of human memory can explain all the phenomena of interest

4. Memory Methodology
Memory is never directly observed, therefore, experimental approaches are needed
There were few scientific experiments before 20C
Many experiments lacked generalization at that time

5. A Short History of Research on Memory-Antiquity and middle Ages
The Dialexeis (About 400 BCE)
Dialexeis suggests how to improve memory
Paying attention, rehearsing, using a formal mnemonic device
Plato ( BCE)
All essential truths are stored in memory and that learning is simply the process of recollecting these truths
Aristotle( BCE)
Memory is the power of retention, whereas recollection is the power of recall
Humans only have recollection
Recallection is based on associations, and an association is simply the connection of two mental events(ideas, thoughts, beliefs, memories)

6. Antiquity and middle Ages(Cont.)
In the Roman world
The emphasis was on prctical aspects
The role that memory played in oratory
more practice better(or longer) oratory
Augustine( CE)
Two kinds of memory, sense memory and intellectual memory
Sense memory preserves and reproduces images of objects, including souds, odors, and touch
Intecllectual memory is concerned with knowledge, including literature, science, and philosophy
He compared memory to a cave in which were sotred not the original events but images of the events.

7. Beginnig of Modern Psycholgy
Juan Luis Vives( )
He focused on forgetting
If memory is not exercised, it grows dull
He suggested writing down whatever one wanted to remember
Francis Bacon( )
He offered many practical insights into improving memory
Prenotion, it helps a man to recall something at once
Thomas Hobbes( )
Reaserch based on sensation
A box is not red; rather, the perceiver has the sensation of the box’s being red

8. British Empiricism and Continental Nativism
Rene Descartes( )
Separating of mind and body
Whereas Hobbes concluded that the mind can be understood in mechanistic terms, Descartes argued that it cannot
Exernal objects may remind us of ideas, but ideas do not come to us from sensation
John Locke( )
Experience rather than innate or inborn factors is of most importance
Mind can be stdied and analyzed
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz( )
He argued that traces of ideas remain even when they are not being thought of, although they are unconscious

9. British Empiricism and Continental Nativism(cont.)
David Hartley( )
He distinguished between “true” memories, or recollections, and illusions of memory, or reveries
David Hume( )
He prefered experimental approach
He used an analogy with gravitation to suggest the character of an association
Immanuel Kant( )
He distinguished three kinds of memorizing, mechanical method, the method of clever devices, and the method of reflection
Humans are born with certain innate properies
Opposition to Hume

10. British Empiricism and Continental Nativism(cont.)
James Mill( )
In memory, there is not only the idea of the thing remembered, there is also the idea of my having seen it
John Stuart Mull( )
The properies of Water are different from those of hydrogen and oxygen
He advocated studying complex ideas empirically rather than relying on observations of simpler elements
Alexander Bain( )
He attempts to connect psychology and physiology
Henri Bergson( )
Memory whose form is similar to walking-a bodily habit, it is the type of memroy that animals have
Pure memroy which represents and records all the events of our daily life

11. Scientific Psychology
Gustav Theodor Fechner( )
First scientific psychologist
He believed that the mind and body were aspects of the same unity
Fechner’s Law
S=kLogP (S-sensation, P-physical stimulus)
It inspired hermann Ebbinghaus

12. Hermann Ebbinghaus(1850-1909)
Experimental psychologist
He reported what is perhaps the first true experiment on memory
He conducted a series of experiments designed to demonstrate the existence of both direct and remote associations
He oulined two possible theories, derived a testable prediction that could distinguish between the two possibilities, and conducted an experiment
He learned lists of 16 nonsense syllables until he could recall them without error, after a delay he measured his retention of the lists

13. Hermann Ebbinghaus(cont.)
Forgetting function
In relearning the time increased as the delay increased
Q=100d / L-85
The largest drop
in performance occurs
during the period
immediately after
the test
19min 1h
1 day
2 day
8.75h
4 day
31 day

14. Reaserch After Ebbinghaus
Behaviorism
Propounded by John B. Watson(1913)
It was a methodological movement that rejected introspection and a theoretical frame work that emphasized the conditioned reflex as the foundation of behavior
Gestalt psychology
Most experimental search focued on perception
Emphasizes the idea of studying the whole
Whole is different from the sum of part
Verbal learning
This approach was a largely atheoretical way of studying the acquisition and retention of verbal material and shared many elements with the functional approach

15. Thank you