1. 4 Major Macromolecules Objectives:
Describe the function of carbohydrates.
Draw the structure of a carbohydrate.
Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built.

2. Carbohydrates: Objective 1: Describe the function of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are large sugar molecules
Used as a source of instant energy.
A.K.A—polysaccharides
Starch, cellulose, glycogen

3. Structure of a carbohydrate: Objective 2: Describe the structure of a carbohydrate
Monomer—monosaccharide
2 monosaccharides=disaccharide
3 or more monosaccharides=polysaccharide

5. Objective 3: Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built.
Carbohydrates are made through dehydration synthesis
Removes an OH group from one monosaccharide and a H from the other. The left over O then bonds with the free C on the other monosaccharide

6. Carbohydrates are broken by hydrolysis
When water is added, one H will bond with the O sharing a bond between both monosaccharides. The OH will bond with the free C on the other monosaccharide, splitting the polysaccharide into their respective monosaccharides. 

7. Review of Objectives Objectives:
Describe the function of carbohydrates.
Draw the structure of a carbohydrate.
Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built.

8. Lipids Objectives: Describe the function of lipids
Draw and label the structure of a lipid
Differentiate among the different forms of lipids

9. Objective 1: Describe the function of lipids
Examples of lipids:
Fats
Oils
Wax
Steroids
triglycerides

10. Function of Lipids Stored energy Insulation Hormones
Cell membrane structure

11. Composed of a polar head and a nonpolar fatty acid tail
Objective 2: draw and label the structure of a lipid Structure of a Lipid
Polymer: Lipid
Monomer: Fatty Acid
Composed of a polar head and a nonpolar fatty acid tail

12. 2 Main Types of Fatty Acid Tails
Saturated
No double bonds
Maximum number of hydrogens
Very, very bad for you
Solid fats
Unsaturated
At least one C=C (carbon, carbon double bond)
Low number of hydrogens
Oils
Better for you

13. Objective 3: differentiate among the different types of lipids

14. Triglyceride vs. Phospholipid

15. Review of Objectives Objective 1: describe the function of lipids
Objective 2: draw and label a lipid
Objective 3: differentiate among the different types of lipids

16. Nucleic Acid Objectives: Describe the function of nucleic acids
Draw and label the structure of a nucleotide
Explain how nucleotides link together to make nucleic acids

17. Objective 2: draw and label a nucleotide
Polymer—Nucleic Acid
Monomer—Nucleotide
Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

18. Objective 3: Explain how nucleotides bond to make a nucleic acid
The phosphate group of one nucleotide, bonds to the sugar of the other nucleotide to link on top of each other.
Then, to link sideways, the nitrogen bases bond in pairs (A-T, C-G)

19. 2 Types of Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Codes for proteins Sugar—deoxyribose
Double helical shape
RNA
Sugar—ribose
One stranded—no double helix

20. Proteins Objectives: Explain the function of proteins
Explain how amino acids link to make proteins

21. Proteins
Monomer = amino acid
Polymer = polypeptide

22. Structure of an amino acids
1 central carbon bonded to 4 other parts
3 are the same in every amino acid
COOH—carboxyl
NH2—amine
Hydrogen
“R group”: varies in each different amino acid

23. Amino Acids 20 different amino acids make up all proteins
We cannot make all of these amino acids in our cells so some of them come from our diet
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

24. Objective 2: explain how amino link together to make proteins
Peptide bonds between amino acids
A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds is called--polypeptide

25. Protein Structure
Polypeptides are put together and fold in specific shapes to make different protein molecules
In proteins– structure = function

26. Objective 1: explain the function of amino acids
Proteins differ in the number and types of amino acids that make them up
They sequence and size determines the structure and function
Mostly aid in
Eyesight
Movement
Repair body tissues
Enzymes

27. Enzymes

28. Enzyme Questions What does a catalyst do? What is an enzyme?
Why do enzymes generally bind to only one type of substrate?
How are the “lock and key” and “induced fit” models similar?
How are the “lock and key” and “induced fit” models different?
What are 3 factors that can affect the way enzymes work? Explain how each factor would affect an enzyme.

29. What Are Enzymes? Proteins
Act as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction
They are not permanently changed in the process
Reusable

30. Enzymes Enzymes catalyze specific substances Names end in –ase Sucrase
Lactase
Maltase

31. How do Enzymes Work?
Lower activation energy

32. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The substance an enzyme acts on = substrate
The substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site
As the substrate binds to the active site, the shape of the enzyme changes  induced fit

33. What Affects Enzyme Activity?
Temperature pH
Inhibitors

34. Temperature Extreme temperatures are the most dangerous
High temperatures may denature a protein

35. pH Very acidic or basic solutions often reduce enzyme activity
Most work best at a neutral pH (6-8)

36. Enzyme Inhibitors Two types:
Competitive inhibitors: shaped like an enzyme’s normal substrate so they block the active site
Noncompetitive inhibitors: do not block the active site but bind to another part of the enzyme, changing its shape

37. Enzyme Deficiencies Article
For each deficiency:
What is the job of the enzyme?
How does this affect your health?
How does this affect your diet?