1. Population Geography Distribution of World Population
Rates of Population Growth
Demographic Transition Theory
Overpopulation (Malthus and Neo-Malthusians

2. Humanity has wandered the earth for a very long time.
The first hominids roamed eastern Africa 5-7 million years ago.

3. The first modern humans walked out of Africa as hunter-gatherers only 70,000 years ago.

4. Graph Source: www.census.gov & www.wikipedia.org
At that time there were probably about 1 million humans on Earth
Graph Source: &

5. Graph Source: www.census.gov & www.wikipedia.org
When Darwin published On the Origin of Species there were 1 billion humans
Graph Source: &

6. When I was born there were 3.6 billion humans
Graph Source: &

7. 6,914,504,604 humans today …and counting!
The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the world population at:
6,914,504,604 humans today
…and counting!
That’s 1,000,000,000 more people in 10 years! Each of which will, like you and I, want water, food, housing, toys, a television, a car, endless streams of plastic and energy and will produce a constant stream of waste.

8. Our impacts are growing.
LANDSAT Images
Las Vegas, Nevada

9. Human Impact on The Environment
Let me state outright that my metaphor, while rhetorically useful, is a bit too simple to be taken literally. The real patient is, of course, civilization, not the earth itself but civilization relies on the earth and the resources and services that healthy ecosystems provide.
Source: Hugo Ahlenius UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Global Environmental Outlook 3, 2002.

11. WHERE ARE THE PEOPLE DISTRIBUTED?
Densely Population Areas
East Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Europe
North America
Sparsely Population Areas
arid lands
tropical rainforests
highlands
high latitudes

12. World and Country Population Totals
Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of earth's surface!
Total: 6.8 billion on planet as of March 5, 2010
Current World Population Counter from U.S Census Bureau
Five most populous regions and countries
REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION
East Asia 1.6 billion China 1.3 billion
South Asia 1.5 billion India 1.1 billion
Europe 1 billion U.S million
SE Asia 600 million Indonesia 250 million
Eastern N. America & Canada 275 million Brazil 188 million

13. Kolkata, India

14. Rajasthan, India

16. Overpopulation is when there are too many people relative to available resources. Simple density is not the determinant.

17. Human Population Projections
How many people will the planet eventually support?
The U.S. Census Bureau and the United Nations Statistics Division both agree that world population will level off somewhere between 9 and 11 billion people and then start to fall.

18. Doubling Time
How long will it take for a population of a given area to double in size?
Divide 70 by the annual population natural increase rate and you find the doubling time.
World = 58
Sub-Saharan Africa = 30
Uganda = 20 years
Costa Rica = 80
U.S.A. = 128 years
Denmark = 333 years
Russia = ?
Japan = ?
Source: National Geographic Magazine
Example: Bangladesh
70 / R.N.I. => 70/2.09 = 33.5 years
Bangladesh with a population of million people in 2005 will have approximately 288.6
million people in 2038, if the population continues to grow at current rates.

19. Rates of Natural Increase

21. Total Fertility Rate

22. Total Fertility Rate - the average number of children a women will have in her childbearing years. This rate varies from just over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali). The U.S. rate is 2.
Palestinian Territories
Fertility Rate
7.39
7.00
6.43
6.46
5.99
5.57
2.1 is generally regarded as the replacement rate (the rate at which a population neither grows nor shrinks) in the developed world. In less developed countries this rate should be higher to account for so many children not reaching childbearing age.
U.K.
Total fertility rate
1.72
1.80
1.81
1.78
1.70
1.66
Africa
Fertility Rate
6.60
6.45
6.11
5.67
5.26
4.97

23. Infant Mortality Rate – the number of deaths of children under the age of one per thousand live births. The rate ranges from as low as 3 (Singapore, Iceland) to as much as 150 (Sierra Leone, Afghanistan). The U.S. rate is just over 6. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility rates as families seek “insurance” for the loss of children.

24. World Death Rates
Epidemiological Transition is the shift from infectious to degenerative diseases that occurs with development.
Infectious diseases (developing world)
HIV/AIDS
SARS
Malaria
Cholera
Degenerative diseases (developed countries)
Obesity
Tobacco use

25. Adults and Children Living with HIV/AIDS, mid-2006

27. Life Expectancy

28. Life Expectancy Rapid increase throughout world
Infant mortality rate declining in most countries
Antibiotics/immunization
Increasing standards of living

29. Influences on Birth Rates
Family planning programs – India, Thailand, Bangladesh, etc.
Contraceptive technology
Role of mass media
Radio/TV Soap Operas ("Twende na Wakati" in 1990s Tanzania, which means "Let's Go with the Times"
Government Billboard, Indonesia

30. Demographic Transition Model
Stage one (preindustrial/pre-agricultural)
Crude birth/death rate high
Fragile, but stable, population
Stage two (improved agriculture and medicine)
Lower death rates
Infant mortality rate falls
Natural increase very high
Stage three (attitudes change)
Indicative of richer developed countries
Higher standards of living/education
Crude birth rate finally falls
Stage four (low growth or Z.P.G.)
Crude birth and death rates low
Population stable
Populations aging
Stage five (declining)
Crude birth rates exceptionally low
death rates low
Population decreasing
Populations aging rapidly

31. Problems with the Demographic Transition Model
based on European experience, assumes all countries will progress to complete industrialization and that this is key issue
many countries reducing growth rate dramatically without increase in wealth or industrial economies – TV and family planning seem to be at work
on the other hand, some countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage 3, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East

32. Population Pyramids Population Pyramids quickly show age distributions
demographic booms and busts
sex ratios
dependency ratios
Wide base depicts young population; narrow base suggests declining birth rates or growing elderly population.

40. Population Control Challenges Manufacture/distribution expense
Religion
Low female status
Many studies show that fastest way to reduce fertility rate is to encourage more women to get educated
Preference for male children
Female Infanticide

41. Overpopulation
When consumption of natural resources by people outstrip the ability of a natural region to replace those natural resources.

42. Jean Antoine Condorcet
(1743 – 1794)
predicted that innovation and the resulting increased wealth and choice it creates would provide alternate foods and resources in the future and lead to fewer children per family and improving societies: larger populations are good because they lead to more innovations and ideas.
believed that society was perfectible

43. Thomas Malthus on Population
An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
Malthus, responding to Condorcet, predicted population would outrun food supply, leading to a decrease in food per person.
His Assumptions:
Populations grow exponentially.
Food supply grows arithmetically.
Food shortages and chaos inevitable.

44. Population J-Curve This graphs depicts the actual growth in human population from the beginning of agriculture until 2000!

45. Population and the Environment
I = P x A x T
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
Population-influenced environmental problems:
Global Warming
Habitat Loss / Endangered Species
Resource Depletion
Food Shortages? Not globally, but regionally.

46. Population, Affluence, and Resource Consumption

47. Population, Affluence, and Resource Consumption
Source: World Bank, 2012: siteresources.worldbank.org/

48. Technology, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Impact
There has been a dramatic increase in:
individual energy use over time: 3,000 kcal/person - 300,000 kcal/person (each of us in the U.S. has the equivalent of about 100 energy servants)
the power of technology to change the environment: think stone axe versus bulldozer versus atomic bomb.
the scope and severity of environmental impacts.
Individual Annual Energy Use (Goudie, 2006)