1. AIM: HOW DID THE MUSLIMS EXPAND THEIR EMPIRE?( Review Lesson)
Topic: Islam Expands
AIM: HOW DID THE MUSLIMS EXPAND THEIR EMPIRE?( Review Lesson)

2. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
A New Leader
In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph.
Caliph—title for a Muslim leader—means “successor” or “deputy.

3. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
“Rightly Guided” Caliphs
The first four caliphs are guided by the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions.
Jihad—an armed struggle against unbelievers—is used to expand Islam.
Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies conquer Syria and lower Egypt.
By 750, the Muslim empire stretches from the Altantic Ocean to the Indus River.

4. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
Reasons for Success
Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded.
Byzantine and Sassanid ( Persian)empires are weak from previous conflict.
Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam.
People are attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope.

5. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
Treatment of Conquered Peoples
Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.
Christians and Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book.”

6. From 632 to 750, highly mobile troops mounted on camels were successful in conquering lands in the name of Allah.

7. Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
Rise of the Umayyads
Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliph
A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take power and move the capital to Damascus ( Syria)

8. Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
Sunni—Shi’a Split
Shi’a— “party” of Ali—believe the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad.
Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example—supported the Umayyads.
Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and spirituality. They reject the Umayyads.
In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—topple the Umayyads.

10. Control Extends Over Three-Continents
Fall of the Umayyads
Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman
He flees to Spain and establishes the Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus.
al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans.

11. Control Extends Over Three-Continents
Abbasids Consolidate Power
In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to Bagdad( Iraq).
Location provides access to trade goods, gold, and information.
Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy to manage empire.

12. Control Extends Over Three-Continents
Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims form new caliphate
Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad.
The Fatimid caliphate begins in North Africa and spreads to the Red Sea, western Arabia, and Syria.

13. Control Extends Over Three-Continents
Muslim Trade Network
Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe
Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks.
Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling center of Muslim cutlure.