1. Foundations of Exploration
Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe
Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery
Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration
Search for wealth
Europeans desired expensive luxury goods
Flow of goods controlled by Italian merchants
Charged high prices for these rare goods
Drive to Explore
Hoped to find new, faster routes to Asia to gain trade foothold
Wealth not only goal
Some set out to find fame, glory
Hoped making great discoveries would bring honor to their names
New Routes
Other explorers hoped to spread their faith into new lands
Another motive—simple curiosity
Writings like Marco Polo’s very popular in Europe, intrigued many with tales of exotic lands, peoples
Faith, Curiosity

2. Advances in Technology
Whatever reasons for exploring, Europeans could not have made voyages of discovery without certain key advances in technology
Some advances made in Europe during Renaissance
Others borrowed from people with whom Europeans had contact, especially Chinese, Muslims
Navigation
Sailors needed precise means to calculate location
Compass brought to Europe from China, let know sailors know which direction was north at any time
Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation to horizon

3. Shipbuilding Improvements Popular for Exploratory Voyages
Just as important as advances in navigation were advances in shipbuilding
Europeans learned to build ships that rode lower in water than earlier ships
Deep-draft ships could withstand heavier waves; also had larger cargo holds
Popular for Exploratory Voyages
Caravel would also be equipped with weapons, including cannons
Ships could face off against hostile ships at sea
Maneuverability, defensive ability made caravel most popular for exploring

4. Explorers from Portugal and Spain
As a result of their location facing the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal and Spain were well suited to kicking off the Age of Exploration.
Portugal was first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration
Begun largely due to efforts of Prince Henry, son of King John I of Portugal
Often called Henry the Navigator, not himself explorer
The Portuguese
Early 1400s, Henry established court to which he brought sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, others
Expeditions sent west to islands in Atlantic, south to explore western coast of Africa
Portuguese settled Azores, Madeira Islands, learned more about Africa’s coast
Navigation Court

5. Exploration Attempts Water Route to India da Gama Lucrative Trade
Prince Henry’s ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to India
Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned
1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa
da Gama
1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African ports
Learned Muslim merchants actively involved in trade
Journey took more than 10 months, eventually reached Calicut in India
Lucrative Trade
da Gama’s trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro Cabral
Sailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as Brazil
Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation

6. Columbus’ First Voyage
The Spanish
Spain also eager to seek out new routes to riches of East
1492, Spanish rulers agreed to pay for voyage by Italian sailor Christopher Columbus
Columbus believed he could sail west from Spain, reach China
Correct in theory, but figures he presented about earth’s size wrong
Also had no idea the Americas lay across Atlantic
Italian Sailor
Columbus reached island in Caribbean after about two months at sea
Thought he had reached Asian islands known as Indies; called people living there Indians
1493, returned to Spain with exotic items, including parrots, jewels, gold, plants unknown in Europe
Spanish believed Columbus found new route to Asia, hailed him as hero
Columbus’ First Voyage

7. Columbus—three more voyages to Americas
Results of Voyages
Columbus—three more voyages to Americas
Still believed he had reached Asia
Error not realized until about 1502
Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America, concluded it was not Asia
Mapmakers later named land America in his honor
Knowing they had found new land, Spanish set out to explore it
1513, Núñez de Balboa led expedition across Isthmus of Panama
After more than three weeks of travel, Balboa became first European to see Pacific Ocean

9. Ferdinand Magellan West Around World Perilous Voyage
After Balboa’s discovery, the Spanish realized they needed to cross another ocean to reach Asia.
What Spanish did not know was how large ocean might be
Daring adventurer, Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail west around world
1519, Magellan set out for Spain with five ships, 250 men
West Around World
Journey long, difficult; some men mutinied, rebelled
Magellan killed in fight with Philippine natives; his men sailed on
1522, 18 survivors of original fleet arrived back in Spain, first to circumnavigate world
Perilous Voyage

10. Explorers from the Rest of Europe
Spanish and Portuguese did not remain alone in their efforts.
By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts of the Americas.
Dutch later joined in explorations.
1497, first major English voyage of discovery launched
John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what is now Canada
Tried to repeat voyage; fleet vanished, presumably sunk
The English
English soon realized they had reached an unknown land, not Asia
Queen sent Sir Francis Drake out
After stop in what is now California, Drake sailed north to seek route around North America
Sir Francis Drake
The weather was too cold, and he ended up heading west around the world to get back to England. He became the second man to circumnavigate the globe.

11. Henry Hudson The French The Dutch
England wanted to find shorter route to Asia than Magellan found
Sent Dutch-born sailor Henry Hudson
1607, Hudson set out to north
Hoped to find Northeast Passage around Europe
Found nothing but ice, returned to England
Later made two more voyages for English, one for Dutch
Also wanted to find passage to Asia
Sent explorers to look for Northwest Passage
1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past Newfoundland into St. Lawrence River, claimed land as province of New France, now Canada
The French
By 1600s Netherlands powerful trading nation, hoped to find new products, trading partners
1609, Henry Hudson set out to find Northwest Passage
Did not find passage, but did explore river now named for him
The Dutch

12. The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1
Note Taking Transparency 106
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13. The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1
Color Transparency 82: European Explorations For Spices, About 1500
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14. The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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16. Voyages of Discovery Preview Starting Points Map: European Discovery
Main Idea / Reading Focus
Foundations of Exploration
Explorers from Portugal and Spain
Map: Explorers and Their Routes
Explorers from the Rest of Europe

17. European Explorers in Africa
19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

18. Portugal Gains Foothold
Looking for a sea route to Asia
Began by building forts to collect food, water, and to repair their ships
Not colonies yet…
From West Africa the Portuguese sailed around the continent
Africans in the interior resisted exploration
Portuguese did not leave a strong legacy in Africa

19. Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

20. The African Slave Trade Explodes
In the 1500’s & 1600’s Europeans began to view slaves as the most important item of African trade
Trade between Europe and Africa soon became focused on slave trade.
Africans wanted European goods and all the Europeans wanted were slaves.
Most slaves were captured in raids or were prisoners of war. Some were criminals or debtors.

21. The African Slave Trade Explodes
Slaves were captured by Africans and sold by African middlemen to Europeans.
During the slave trade, Europeans did not control African territories.

22. African Trade [15c-17c]

23. African Leaders Resist
Some African leaders tried to stop/slow down the transatlantic slave trade
Alfonso I
Ruler of Kongo
Educated by the Portuguese
Wanted to modernize Kongo but in the end the slave trade took over
Almany (religious leader) of Futa Toro
Forbid the movement of slaves through his land
Slave traders eventually found a new route and the slave trade continued

24. New African States Arise
The slave trade had major effects on African states in the 1600’s & 1700’s.
--the loss of countless young women & men led to many smaller states disappearing

26. The European Presence Expands
Following the Portuguese by the 1600’s several European powers had established forts along the western coast of Africa
Dutch
Built Cape Town (1st permanent European settlement)
Dutch farmers (Boers) settled around Cape Town
Held elitist views & ousted, killed, and enslaved many Africans
British
Established the African Association, that sponsored exploration
Searched for the source of the Nile River
French
Had forts in present day Senegal
Gained

27. Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire
In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships that reached the great spice port of Calicut on the west coast of India.
In 1502, he forced a treaty of friendship on the ruler of Calicut.
As a result, the Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire.

28. Portugal Builds and Eastern Empire
Rim of Trading Outposts
Goa
Island off the coast of India
By 1510 Portugal make Goa its military and commercial base
Malacca
Sea port in the East Indies
Once controlled by Muslims
In 1511 the Portuguese take control of the city and massacre the cities Muslims
*The Portuguese had a limited cultural impact in the region

29. Rise of the Dutch
The Dutch were the 1st to challenge Portuguese domination
Building a Mighty Sea Power
The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination in Asia
By 1599 the Dutch had made the Netherlands a leader of European commerce
The Dutch set up colonies and trading posts around the world (Cape Town)
A Powerful Dutch Company
In 1602, a group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed the Dutch East India Company
The company had the power of a sovereign nation, and came to dominate the regions

30. The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 3
Color Transparency 86: Jacob Mathieusen and His Wife
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31. Asserting Dutch Dominance
Rise of the Dutch
Asserting Dutch Dominance
1641: the Dutch capture Malacca from the Portuguese & open trade with China
Created a monopoly in the spice trade
By the 1700’s the growing power of the French and English contributed to the Decline of the Dutch trading power in the west

32. Spain Seizes the Phillippines
While the Portuguese and Dutch set up bases on the fringes of Asia
Spain took over the Philippines.
Within about 50 years, Spain had conquered and colonized the islands.
The Philippines became a key link in Spain’s overseas trading empire

34. Mughal India & European Traders
A CENTER OF VALUABLE TRADE
Besides producing spices, India was the world leader in textile manufacturing.
It exported large quantities of silk and cotton cloth.
The Mughal empire was larger, richer, and more powerful than any kingdom in Europe.
Several weak rulers held the throne in the early 1700s.

35. Mughal India & European Traders
A GREAT EMPIRE SHATTERS
Corruption became widespread, and the central government eventually collapsed.
Both the English and French East India Companies made alliances with local officials and independent rajahs.
By the mid-1700s, the British and the French had become locked in a bitter struggle for global power.
In 1756, war between Britain and France erupted in Europe.
The fighting soon spread, involving both nations’ lands in Asia and the Americas.