1. Global Climate Change 16
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Write down at least 3 facts stated in “Dear Future Generations”
Warm-Up
Write down at least 3 facts stated in “Dear Future Generations”

3. Rising Seas May Flood the Maldive Islands
Sea levels are rising worldwide.
Scientists link this to global climate change.
Global climate change threatens the Maldives, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, with flooding, severe storms, erosion, and saltwater contamination.
Talk About It Why are rising sea levels a concern for all people, not just those who live on the Maldives Islands?

4. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be too cold to support life.

5. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Greenhouse Effect
A natural process in which greenhouse gases absorb heat and release it slowly back into the atmosphere
The greenhouse effect is different then an actual greenhouse that traps warm air inside a structure.
Greenhouse gases include CO2, H2O and CH4 (methane)

6. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Effect of Latitude
Latitude is a measure of a place’s distance from the equator.
In general, the greater the latitude, the cooler a location’s overall climate will be.
The seasons are caused by the changing angles at which sunlight strikes Earth as the Earth orbits the sun due to its tilt.

7. The Effect of Sunspots
Sunspots are dark spots on the sun that emit more radiation then normal.
The number of sunspots rise and fall in cycles that last about 11 years.

8. The Effect of the Sun Activity
Activity 1: Unequal Heating
Activity 2: Earth’s orbit around the sun
Activity 3: Coriolis Effect (the Earth rotates counter-clockwise)

9. Warm-Up Why is wind power considered a form of solar energy?
What happens in a Hadley cell?
Why is the 30 degree latitudes called “horse latitudes”?

10. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Wind
Caused by convection currents resulting from rising warm air and falling cool air
Transports moisture and heat
Global wind patterns move warm air away from equator, toward poles.
Cold air moves from poles toward equator.
Winds pick up moisture and can carry it for long distances until it falls as precipitation.

12. Ambitious Activity Time
Go over Activity 4
Start Activity 5 (5-7)….Use your phone/computer

13. Warm-Up How does the Gulf Stream influence Europe’s climate?
What ominous effects will occur if the Gulf Stream slows down as projected?

15. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Oceans and Climate
Ocean currents, which are caused by a combination of unequal heating of water and unequal salinity, affect climate by transporting heat.
Driven by thermohaline circulation
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:

16. Thermohaline Circulation
Example of climate alteration due to ocean currents: Gulf Stream and Europe
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermo-: Temperature
Warm = less dense due to expansion
Cold = more dense due to contraction
-haline: Salinity (salt)
More salt = higher salinity= more mass = more dense
Less salt = lower salinity = less mass = less dense

17. Modelling Thermohaline Circulation
In 10 minutes…you need to successfully float water on top of water using your knowledge of thermohaline circulation.

18. Did You Know? The ocean absorbs a lot of carbon dioxide, causing a global cooling effect. The ocean can hold 50 times more CO2 than is found in the atmosphere.

19. Upwelling
El Niño and La Niña are disruptions to normal climate patterns caused by variations in the typical interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Deals with the trade winds and upwelling of cold, deep ocean water
Strengthening trade winds = colder ocean
Weakening trade winds = warmer ocean

20. How did El Nino get its name?
Chris Farley:

21. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Affect Climate
Topography: Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures; mountain ranges affect rainfall patterns.
Leeward
Windward

22. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Volcanoes: Gases and particles can temporarily block sunlight, causing air to cool.
CO2 released from volcanoes have warmed temperatures
SO2/sulfuric acid in upper atmosphere acts like a mirror

23. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Vegetation: Plant life promotes cloud formation (reflects sunlight and increases precipitation) and absorbs carbon dioxide (cooling effect)
More trees = higher albedo because they absorb U.V. radiation and visible light during photosynthesis

24. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Earth’s orbit: Changes in Earth’s orbit (Milankovitch Cycles) and the tilt of Earth’s axis affect the distribution of solar radiation.
Ice Ages occurred during elliptical pattern

25. Activity-15 minutes
Set up the Melting Ice and Sea Level Rise Lab by following the procedure and predicting which type of ice will cause sea level to rise higher.
Complete your cluster diagram by adding two details to each of the nine factors that determine Earth’s climate.

26. Warm-Up How did the eruption of Mount Tambora effect Earth’s climate?
What could happen to Earth’s climate if Yellowstone erupts?

27. Lesson Climate Change
According to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2009 tied for second warmest year on record, just behind The decade spanning 2000–2009 was the warmest on record.

28. Evidence of a Warming Earth
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Evidence of a Warming Earth
Rising global surface temperatures
Changes in precipitation patterns
Melting ice (glaciers, polar ice)
Rising sea level
Did You Know? Since 1986, the Larsen Ice Shelf near Antarctica has lost an area more than 3 times the size of Rhode Island.
Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montana’s Glacier National Park. Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008

31. Land subsidence plays a role in sea level.
Notice Alaska….as glaciers melt land rises due to the loss of the weight
Notice Texas…as we extract oil the land subsides and sea level increases
Hyperlink to sea level rise model simulation
Video about sea level rise in Maryland

32. What is happening to Louisiana?

33. Geoid Effect Change in the gravitational pull
Mountains (like glaciers) pull water toward them.
As ice melts, they lose their gravitational pull.

34. Warm-Up List three ways we study climate change.
How do we know that the main cause of climate change is due to accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
Why was the temperature in Berlin, MD so much colder on Monday as compared to Wilmington, DE?

35. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
Direct measurement is used to study today’s climate.
CO2
Sea level
Temperature: surface and ocean
Precipitation
Melting ice
Wind patterns
Thawing permafrost
Subliming methane hydrate
Proxy indicators, such as patterns in tree rings, ice core data and sediment samples give clues about past climates.

36. Using Tree Rings

37. Using Ice Core Data

38. Using Sediment Samples

39. Studying Climate Change
Models are used to make predictions about future climates.

41. Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Finding the Cause of Climate Change
According to studies, increases in greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate change.
The increase in greenhouse gases is mainly due to burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use.

42. Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Emissions of carbon dioxide due to changes in land use mainly come from the cutting down of forests and instead using the land for agriculture or built-up areas, urbanization, roads etc. When large areas of rain forests are cut down, the land often turns into less productive grasslands with considerably less capacity of storing CO2.

43. Let’s Review
Watch this video!!!!

44. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
In 2003, a severe heat wave in Europe killed 35,000 people.

45. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects on Organisms
Habitats shift, usually toward the poles or to higher altitudes (both plants and animals)
Migrations start earlier in the spring.
Hibernating animals wake up earlier.
Loss of ice makes hunting seals difficult for polar bears, walruses can not find sea ice to rest
Did You Know? Robins arrive on a Colorado mountaintop about 2 weeks earlier than they did in 1970.

46. Short Activity
Have you ever heard of a Pizzly Bear or a Grolar Bear?
What is a hybrid?
Let’s read and learn more!!!!

47. Effects of a Changing Ocean
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects of a Changing Ocean
An increase in ocean temperature is associated with a process called coral bleaching, in which algae living within corals die. Without the algae, coral cannot survive.
Changes in ocean acidity, resulting from an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide, can harm organisms by making it difficult to form shells.
The color of healthy brain coral comes from algae. When the algae die, coral bleaching occurs.
What happens to the ocean’s ability to absorb CO2 as it warms?

49. Watch this video about Oyster farming and Ocean acidification.
Activity Time!
Watch this video about Oyster farming and Ocean acidification.
Let’s learn more by:
Short lab
Literacy assignment

50. Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Agriculture and forestry: Effects are complex.
Can be positive: Lengthened growing season for some crops
Can be negative: Droughts and forest fires

51. Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Economy: Decreased yields from drought= higher price for food; increased property damage due to severe storms and climate conditions; Insurance costs

52. Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Health effects: Heat-related diseases; emerging diseases due to increased habitat of vectors

54. Future Effects of Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Future Effects of Climate Change
Diseases: Warmer temperatures can promote spread of diseases transmitted from animals to people.
Sea level: Low-lying populated coastal areas may flood as sea levels rise.
Water supply: Saltwater contamination of aquifers resulting from rising sea levels and a decrease in glacial ice may threaten freshwater supplies.
Black-legged ticks, known to spread Lyme disease
Did You Know? In the United States, 53% of the population lives in coastal areas.

55. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Fossil fuel combustion generates 70% of the electricity used in the United States.
Energy conserving light bulbs

56. Only Two Ways to Respond….
Adaptation: protecting people from effects of climate change
Build sea walls
Move away from coastlines
Desalination
Mitigation: reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Lowering your Carbon footprint: The amount of carbon dioxide for which an individual or group is responsible

57. Use and Production of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Use and Production of Electricity
Most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels.
Reducing electricity use reduces carbon footprints.
Ways to reduce electricity use:
Use energy-efficient technologies, which lessen the electricity needed to do a job.
Reduce the use of electrical devices and appliances….Energy Conservation

58. Alternate Sources of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Alternate Sources of Electricity
Nuclear power
Solar power
Wind power
Hydroelectric power
Geothermal power
Biomass power

59. Nuclear Power
Using heat from nuclear fission of U-235 to create steam to turn a turbine in order to generate electricity

60. Solar Power
Using the energy from the sun to heat buildings and generate electricity
Passive solar heating: building design
Flat-plate solar collector: heats homes by using circulating water that is heated by the sun
Photovoltaic cells: solar energy is converted into electricity
Concentrated Solar Power

61. Wind Power
Form of solar power (the sun drives winds due to unequal heating)
Converts wind’s kinetic energy into electrical energy using wind turbines

62. Hydroelectric Power
Use the kinetic energy of the moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity

63. Geothermal Power
Using the heat of the earth to generate electricity

64. Biomass Energy Energy that is produced from biomass.
Biomass: material that makes up living organisms such as wood, manure, and grain.
Biofuels: ethanol, biodiesel

65. Advances in Vehicle Technology
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Advances in Vehicle Technology
Transportation is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, second only to electricity.
Alternatives to fuel-only cars include:
Gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles
Vehicles that use alternative fuels such as compressed natural gas
Vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells.
Energy Loss in a Car

67. Reducing Dependence on Cars
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Reducing Dependence on Cars
Biking, walking, and using public transportation are all ways to reduce fossil fuel use.
Many communities lack good public transportation.
Did You Know? The average American family makes 10 trips by car each day.

68. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Agriculture / forestry: Reduce soil erosion and replace cut trees, to curb CO2 emissions
Cap-and-Trade: System of emission allowances that can be sold or traded, gives companies incentive to reduce emissions
Carbon tax: A tax per unit on emissions
Carbon offsets: Instead of directly reducing emissions, companies can make a voluntary payment to a group that reduces or curbs greenhouse gases.
Carbon sequestration: Technology is used to trap and store carbon dioxide emissions.

69. Cooperation Among Nations
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Cooperation Among Nations
The Kyoto Protocol is a binding international effort to reduce greenhouse gases to below levels.
The United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol because it was only binding for developed nations.
Many nations are planning to develop a new binding agreement to address global climate change some time in the future.

71. Paris Agreements…COP21
195 countries adopted the first ever universal and legally binding global climate deal
Each country is allowed to create their own individual plan to take steps towards zero emissions.

72. Bill Nye on Climate Change
Just because Emma Hancock said that she only learns science from Bill Nye….if it is “boring Bill Nye”