1. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
Presentation By
M I Khaleel PK
1st Year M.Phil clinical psychology
LGBRIMH, TEZPUR
Date:

2. PERSONALITY TESTS
Observe and describe the structure and content of personality – the characteristic ways an individual thinks, feels, behaves, and interacts
Clarifies
Diagnoses
Problematic patterns of behavior
Intra and interpersonal dynamics
Treatment implications
Can be objective or projective

3. Measuring Personality & Personality tests
Objective testing
Specific questions or statements to which the person responds by using specific, fixed answers or a rating scale
Scores tabulated and compared to reference groups
Examples
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; MMPI-2)
Millon Multi-Axial Inventory III (MCMI-III)
16 Personality Factors (16PF)
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)

4. Projective testing
Ambiguous or unstructured stimuli to which client is asked to respond freely.
Unconscious or conscious needs, motives, interests, dynamics are projected onto ambiguous stimuli revealing internal dynamics or personality
More challenging to score and interpret than objective
Example
Rorschach Inkblot, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective Drawing Tests
Draw-A-Person, Draw-A-House, Draw-A-Tree,Draw-A-Family
Sentence completion tests

5. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
MMPI-2
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2

6. INTODUCTION
The MMPI was developed in the late 1930’s and first published in 1942 by Starke Hathaway and J. C. McKinley
1100 original items and was cut down to 566 by the time it was first published
Designed for routine diagnostic assessments
Empirical keying approach
724 Minnesota”normals”
Originally 8 clinical scales plus validity scales
MF and Si added later

7. Cont..
Revised version is the MMPI-2 (1989)
Authors and consultants of MMPI-2 are James N Butcher , John R Graham Yossef S Ben-Porath, Auke Tellegen and W. Grant Dahlstrom.
Revised in 2001-Version being reviewed
84% of the original items are in new version in original or revised form
Some test elements revised
Added new clinical and validity scales

8. Cont.. Separate forms for adolescents and adults 567 true/false items
Normative sample (MMPI-2)
2600 U.S. residents(1138 male and 1462 female) aged (census derived)
Yields individual’s clinical profile compared with the normative sample
Much of research on interpretation from MMPI applies to MMPI-2
It is the most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult psychopathology in the world. The MMPI-2 is used in mental health, medical and employment settings. ( Drayton, M. 2013)
There are more than10000 published papers using the MMPI-2 and this pool is added to by hundreds of papers every year ( Drayton, M. 2013).

9. Cont.. Publishing by University of Minnesota Press
Distributed by Pearson
Available in English, Spanish, and Canadian French
Paper-and-pencil, audiocassette recording, compact disc recording, box form (with each item on a separate card & client separates cards into true & false categories), and computer

10. Administrator Qualifications
Must be licensed to practice psychology independently OR
Have a graduate degree in psychology or a closely-related field and either graduate courses in tests and measurement or completion of a Pearson Assessments-approved workshop or other approved course

11. Administration procedures
Quiet room
Good lighting
Comfortable chair and table
Establish rapport before administration
Before administration begins, provide information regarding nature of the test and give complete, clear instructions
Completion time = 60 to 90 minutes

12. Respondent Characteristics
18 years or older
At least 6th grade reading level
Should be able to read and comprehend test questions for the paper/pencil and computer tests
Recommended IQ of 80 or higher(?)
Our textbook says that the respondent can be 16 or older and the publisher states 18 or older.

13. Factors Influencing Performance
Faking
Social Desirability
Item Omission
Problems of Interpretation
Self Deception
Lack of Insight

14. Content of the MMPI-2
Original 10 clinical/personality scales and original 3 validity scales and added 4 validity measures
Additional options:
Content scales
Content component scales
Harris-Lingoes subscales
Supplementary scales
Critical items

15. MMPI-II: Validity Scales
?: Cannot Say
L: Lie
F: Infrequency
K: Correction
Fb: Back Side Infrequency
Fp: Infrequency -Psychopathology
S: Superlative Self-Presentation
VRIN: Variable Response Inconsistency
TRIN: True Response Inconsistency

16. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (?) Cannot SayF K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Not an actual scale
Unanswered questions (or both T&F)
High Scores Reflect:
Carelessness / Psychomotor retardation
Avoiding / Not wanting to admit
Indecision
Lack of information for meaningful response / Difficulty reading
Extreme defensiveness
Consistent with:
Severe depression, obsessional states, extreme intellectualization, paranoia

17. MMPI-II: Validity Scales Cannot Say (?)F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
> 30 Items
May be Invalid
Determine location of omissions. If most occur after item 370, L,F,K and clinical scales may be interpretable
11 – 29 Items
Interpret carefully
Some scales may be invalid
Determine Omitted Items. Do not interpret a scale with more than 10% of its items omitted
0-10 Items
ProbablyValid

18. (L) Lie Scale Hathaway and McKinley developed
To assess that the test taker approached the instrument with a defensive mind set.
TRIN scale be examined for possible acquiescent or non acquiescent response styles of prior to interpreting scores on lie scale

19. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (L) Lie? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Client describing self in an unrealistic positive manner
High Scores Reflect:
Trying to create favorable impression
Defensive, denying, repressing
Confused / rigid / moralistic
Little insight into their motivations
Little awareness of consequences
Inflated perception of self-worth
Socially conforming / Not original
Poor tolerance for stress
Low Scores Reflect:
Responding frankly to items
Able to admit minor faults
May be exaggerating negative things
Strong, natural, relaxed, independent
Communicate ideas well – leadership !!!

20. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (L) Lie? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
T > 80
If TRIN >79F then profile is invalid and un interpretable
Consider “Faking Good” & likely invalid
Conventional / Conforming
Unoriginal / Inflexible
Moralistic
Repressed / In denial
T = 65-79
Faking good or traditional background
May be invalid
T < 64
Average – responding frankly

21. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (L) Lie (Demographic Variables)? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Lower scores on L:
Better educated & Brighter
More sophisticated

22. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (F) Infrequency? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Designed to indicate or detect deviant / atypical responses
High Scores Reflect:
Random responses
All true or All false responses
Faking bad
Low Scores Reflect:
Free of psychopathology
Faking good?
Normal responses

23. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (F) Infrequency? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
T > =100
If TRIN or VRIN >79F then profile is invalid and un interpretable ,if both in normal limit Fp should be examined.
if Fp also within normal profile reflecting severe psychopathology
Disoriented / Confused / Clear Psychotic Behaviors
T = 80 – 99
Consider Profile Invalid (All False, lazy, Exaggerating)
If valid – consider exaggeration of symptoms
T = 55 – 79
Psychotic / Severe Neurotic
Highly Deviant Social / Political Beliefs
Moody, Restless, Dissatisfied, Unpredictable

24. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (K) Correction? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Developed for assess an individual level of defensiveness in responding
High Scores Reflect:
Serious psychological disturbances but are not aware of this
Faking good?
Low Scores Reflect:
Respond to most items “true”
Faking bad?
Suspicious of others

25. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (K) Correction? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
T >= 65
Consider profile may be invalid
“Faking good” / All False
If TRIN is within normal limit then shows Clinically defensive / denying /Intolerant / Uninsightful
T = 40 – 64
Valid profile, Balanced Self-evaluation / well adjusted
Independent / intelligent / Enthusiastic / wide interests
T = < 40
If TRIN within limit a low K score may be the result of faking bad
All true / “Faking bad” / Exaggeration

26. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (Fb) Back Side Infrequency? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Designed to Identify a “fake bad” mode of responding for the last 197 items.
T >= 110
Consider profile invalid
T score of Fb should be compared with T score of F, if difference at lest 30 then it reflects a significant changes in responding in later part and later part can be interpreted.
All true, faking bad
Psychiatric in patient may be: disoriented, confused, clear psychotic behavior

27. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (Fp) Infrequency - Psychopathology? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Fp can assist in differentiating elevation on F that are product of genuine psychopathology.
T > =100
If TRIN or VRIN above 79 t then Consider profile is invalid. If normal then test taker over reporting psychopathology
Random, All true, faking bad
T = 70-99
Likely exaggerated, but may be valid
If valid, consider it is a cry for help
T < 69: Consider profile valid

28. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (S) Superlative Self-Presenting? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
A measure of defensiveness
highly correlated with “K”.
Developed by Butcher and Han in 1995
In Clinical Settings:
T > 70
If TRIN or VRIN above 79 t then Consider profile is invalid Consider profile invalid
Faking good – very defensive
T < 69: Consider profile being valid

29. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (VRIN) Variable Response Inconsistency? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Designed to detect inconsistent responding
T Score >= 80: profile is invalid and uninterpretive
Suggests Random Responding
T score profile is valid
T score 65-79; profile valid however some inconsistent responding, may be occasional loss of concentration

30. MMPI-II: Validity Scales (TRIN) True Response Infrequency? L F K Fb Fp S
VRIN
TRIN
Designed to detect indiscriminant responses
It made up opposite content pairs
T score 80=> profile is invalid
T ; profile is valid however some acquiescence

31. Validity Scales Faking BAD
120
110
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
L (Lie) F (Infrequency) K (Correction)

32. Validity Scales Faking GOOD
120
110
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
L (Lie) F (Infrequency) K (Correction)

33. Clinical Scales
The MMPI-2 clinical scales are essentially the same as for the original MMPI, but few items were deleted because of objectionable content
Harris and Lingoes (1955, 1968) grouped items in some of clinical scales into content homogeneous subscales. The subscales should be interpreted only when the T scores are >64 ( will be discussed later)
T score >_75 indicates very high level, T score indicates high level, T score indicates moderate level, T score indicates average and no interpretation and T score <45 indicates low level and no interpretation
Total number of clinical scales are 10.

34. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales
Hs (1):
Hypochondriasis
D (2):
Depression
Hy (3):
Hysteria
Pd (4):
Psychopathic Deviate
Mf (5):
Masculinity / Femininity
Pa (6):
Paranoia
Pt (7):
Psychasthenia
Sc (8):
Schizophrenia
Ma (9):
Hypomania
Si (0):
Social Introversion

35. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Hs (1) Hypochondrisis
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Designed to indicate a variety of personality characteristics consistent with hypochondriasis.
Overuse of medical system
Elderly individuals tend to score higher on scale 1 with declining health issues.

36. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Hs (1) Hypochondrisis
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T > 75
Extreme somatic concerns
Consider somatic delusions
T = 65 – 74
Somatic concerns
Sleep disturbances / Lack of energy
Demanding / Dissatisfied / Complaining
T = 45 – 54: Average

37. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales D (2) Depression
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
An index of discomfort
Dissatisfaction with life
Scores associated with age:
Elderly Individuals score 5-10 points higher
Adolescents score 5-10 points lower

38. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales D (2) Depression
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >75
Serious Clinical Depression
T = 65 – 74
Moderate depression / worried
Dissatisfaction with life / withdrawn
Somatic complaints / low self-confidence

39. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Hy (3) Hysteria
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Identify individuals who have developed a psychogenic based sensory or motor disorder:
Total number of items 60
Some items reflects physical complaints. Many items involve a denial of problems of life and denail of social anxiety

40. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Hy (3) Hysteria
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Very high T >=75
Consider Conversion disorder
Extreme somatic complaints
Reaction to stress by developing somatic symptoms
High T 65 – 74
Somatic Symptoms / denial
Sleep disturbances / Lack of energy
Lacks insight on causes of symptoms
Moderate T 55-64
Immature / self-centered / demanding

41. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Pd (4) Psychopathic Deviate
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
50 items
Some items concern difficulties in school or law. other items reflect a lack of concern about most social and moral standards of conduct, the presence of family problems, absence of life satisfaction
A fraction of raw score(.4) of K scale is added to the raw score on scale 4

42. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Pd (4) Psychopathic Deviate
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >=75: Asocial / antisocial behavior
T = 65 – 74
trouble with law, problem with family , poor work history
Family problems, Impulsive , poor judgment, impatient ,
55-64
superficial relationships, energetic ,extroverted, Immature, self centered

43. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Relates to the degree of traditional gender roles
Developed for using men who were upset about their homoerotic feeling and confused about their gender role
And measure of gender role divergence in women
Scale 5 subsequently was used both male and female

44. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity (MALES)
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >=65 high
Consider serious sexual problems
Lacks traditional masculine interests
T = 45 – 64: Average
No interpretation
T < 45:
traditional masculine interests
Macho

45. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity (FEMALES)
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >=65
Consider serious sexual problems
Rejects traditional feminine role
T = 60 – 74
Lacks traditional feminine interests
T = 40 – 59: Average
No itrepetation
T < 40
Very traditional feminine interests
But not so much in modern times

46. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Pa (6) Paranoia
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Designed to detect paranoid symptoms
Some items measures frankly psychotic behavior other items cover diverse topics as sensitivity cynicism, asocial behavior, etc..
total items 40

47. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Pa (6) Paranoia
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >=75
Consider Paranoid Psychosis, idea of reference, delusions persecution
T = 65 – 74
Extremely sensitive / Suspicious, responsive to opinions of others
Emotional labile, argumentative manner
T = 45 – 54:
Overly sensitive, distrustful. Angry.etc..

48. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Pt (7) Psychasthenia
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Scale was constructed primarily using patients showing obsessive worries, compulsive rituals, or exaggerated fear
Total number of items 48
The full value of the K raw score is added to the raw score of scale 7.

49. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Pt (7) Psychasthenia
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >=75 very high
Extreme fear, anxiety, tension
Disturbing thoughts, fear of losing ones mind obsessive compulsive symptoms
Unable to concentrate
T = 65 – 74 high
Moderate anxiety, depression, insomnia, guilt
T = 40 – 59: moderate
Lacks self-confidence, anxious, tense, uncomfortable

50. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Sc (8) Schizophrenia
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Designed to find out Schizophrenia
Identifies individuals with disturbances of thinking, mood, behavior
The full value of the raw score on K scale is added to the raw score on scale 8

51. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Sc (8) Schizophrenia
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >75 very high
Consider schizophrenia diagnosis(confused , disorganized thinking, hallucinations, delusions poor judgment, etc..)
T = 65 – 74 high
unusual beliefs, social withdrawal, excessive fantasy, generalized fear and anxiety
T = 45 – 64: moderate
limited interest in other people, insecurity, etc..

52. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Ma (9) Hypomania
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Designed to identify individuals experiencing hypomanic symptoms (manic episodes)
Total items 46
Some items deals the features of hypomanic disturbance some deals family relations, moral values and attitude, and physical or body concern
A fraction of raw score (.2) of K scale is added to the raw score of scale 9.

53. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Ma (9) Hypomania
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >=75
Consider bipolar disorder / manic type
T = 65 – 74
Excessive energy / lacks direction / bossy
Conceptual disorganization / talks too much
Unrealistic self-appraisal / impulsive / low tolerance
T = 55 – 64
Active / energetic / extroverted
Creative / rebellious
T = 45 – 54: Average

54. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Si (0) Social Introversion
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
This scale was developed by L.E.Drake in 1946
Not typically included in a clinical assessment
The items are of two general types. One group deals with social participation, the other deals with general neurotic maladjustment and self depression
Hostetler, Ben-porah, Butcher and Graham developed a set of sub scale for scale 0 (si1,si2,si3) in (will be discussed later)

55. MMPI-II: Clinical Scales Si (0) Social Introversion
Hs (1)
D (2)
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
Mf (5)
Pa (6)
Pt (7)
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
T >=75: Extreme withdrawal
T = 65 – 74
Introverted, Emotionally over controlled, passive
T =55-64
shy, timid, depressed, guilty
dependable, low self-confidence
Below 45
Extroverted, sociable
T = 45 – 54: Average

56. MMPI-II Scales Scale Name No of Items ?: Cannot Say -- L: Lie 15
F: Infrequency 60
K: Correction 30
Hs (1): Hypochondriasis 32
D (2): Depression 57
Hy (3): Hysteria 60
Pd (4): Psychopathic Deviate 50
Mf (5): Masculinity / Femininity 56
Pa (6): Paranoia 40
Pt (7): Psychasthenia 48
Sc (8): Schizophrenia 78
Ma (9): Hypomania 46
Si (0): Social Introversion 69

57. CODE TYPES importance in mmpi-2 Coding is based on the code of scale
Most elevated scales code will be considered for coding of patient
Scale 5 and 0 traditionally have not been considered in determining code type.
there are two types of codes , 2 point codes and three point codes
The 2 or 3 highest points
i.e., a 1-2 code = scale 1 is the highest & scale 2 is the second highest
Combinations of scale elevations are of even more

58. MMPI-II: 2 & 3 Point Codes 123/213/231 132/312 138 139 247/274/472
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
687/867
12/21
13/31
14/41
18/81
19/91
23/32
24/42
26/62
27/72
28/82
29/92
34/43
36/63
38/83
46/64
47/74
48/84
49/94
68/86
69/96
78/87
89/98

59. MMPI-II: 2 & 3 Point Codes
There are 90 possible 2 Point Code combinations
There are 720 possible 3 Point Code combinations
Your book does not list all possible combinations for 3 Point Codes
For class purposes – if your book does not list a 2 or 3 point code use individual scales
For 3 point codes not listed – use a 2 point & an individual scale

60. MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
12/21
13/31
14/41
18/81
19/91
23/32
24/42
26/62
27/72
28/82
29/92
34/43
36/63
38/83
46/64
47/74
48/84
49/94
68/86
69/96
78/87
89/98
12/21 (Hypochondriasis & Depression):
Somatic discomfort / Depression
13/31 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria):
Somatic complaints without major psychiatric complaints interfering with functioning
More prevalent in women & elderly
14/41 (Hypochondriasis & Psychopathic Deviate):
Severe somatic symptoms / extroverted
Pessimistic & grouchy & Alcohol use
More prevalent in men
18/81 (Hypochondriasis & Schizophrenia):
Hostility / Aggression but unable to express it
Socially inadequate & lack trust

61. MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
12/21
13/31
14/41
18/81
19/91
23/32
24/42
26/62
27/72
28/82
29/92
34/43
36/63
38/83
46/64
47/74
48/84
49/94
68/86
69/96
78/87
89/98
19/91 (Hypochondriasis & Hypomania):
Great deal of distress / anxious, somatic complaints
Aggressive / belligerent / great ambition
Frustrated by low achievements
23/32 (Depression & Hysteria):
Passive & Dependent
Depressed but without severe anxiety
Difficulty expressing emotions
24/42 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate):
Trouble with family or law
Angry, resentful, critical, impulsive
Drug & alcohol use & Suicide !!!!
26/62 (Depression & Paranoia):
Paranoia & hostility & resentfulness
Lack energy, hopeless & some suicide!

62. MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
12/21
13/31
14/41
18/81
19/91
23/32
24/42
26/62
27/72
28/82
29/92
34/43
36/63
38/83
46/64
47/74
48/84
49/94
68/86
69/96
78/87
89/98
27/72 (Depression & Psychasthena):
Worry / high strung / anticipate problems
Clinical depression with high expectations
28/82 (Depression & Schizophrenia):
Anxious & Agitated & Dissociated
Poor concentration, sleep, memory
Basically dependent & ineffective
If both are highly elevated = serious psychopathology
29/92 (Depression & Hypomania):
Self centered / narcissistic
Tense & anxious w/ somatic complaints
Bi-polar & periods of fatigue
34/43 (Hysteria & Psychopathic Deviate):
ANGER & HOSTILITY!!!
Suicide & Acting Out!

63. MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
12/21
13/31
14/41
18/81
19/91
23/32
24/42
26/62
27/72
28/82
29/92
34/43
36/63
38/83
46/64
47/74
48/84
49/94
68/86
69/96
78/87
89/98
36/63 (Hysteria & Paranoia):
Deep hostility with family
Minor anxiety / somatic problems
Defiant / uncooperative / narcissistic
38/83 (Hysteria & Schizophrenia):
Great psychological turmoil & anxiety & fear
Depression / hopelessness are common
Problems decision making / Apathetic & pessimistic
Obsessive ruminations & delusions / hallucinations
46/64 (Psychopathic Deviate & Paranoia):
Immature / Narcissistic / Self-indulgent
Rationalize & blame others / no responsibility
Passive – aggressive personality / schizophrenia

64. MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
12/21
13/31
14/41
18/81
19/91
23/32
24/42
26/62
27/72
28/82
29/92
34/43
36/63
38/83
46/64
47/74
48/84
49/94
68/86
69/96
78/87
89/98
47/74 (Psychopathic Deviate & Psychasthena):
Swing from serious insensitivity to others – how they effect others
Acting out (drinking / sexual promiscuity) followed by guilt
Need constant reassurance & support
48/84 (Psychopathic Deviate & Schizophrenia):
Do not fit in their environment
Resent authority / deep feelings of insecurity
Erratic & unpredictable / impulse problems
Possible bizarre symptomatology
49/94 (Psychopathic Deviate & Hypomania):
Disregard for social standards / values
Narcissistic / selfish / self-indulgent
Irritable / low tolerance
Energetic / restless / ambitious / superficial

65. MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
12/21
13/31
14/41
18/81
19/91
23/32
24/42
26/62
27/72
28/82
29/92
34/43
36/63
38/83
46/64
47/74
48/84
49/94
68/86
69/96
78/87
89/98
68/86 (Paranoia & Schizophrenia):
Intense inferiority / insecurity
Distrust others / avoid deep relationships
Blunted affect / rapid speech / incoherent
69/96 (Paranoia & Hypomania):
Dependent / need for affection
Appear tearful / trembling
78/87 (Psychasthenia & Schizophrenia):
Great deal of turmoil / easily discuss their pain
Depressed & pessimistic / confused / panic
Schizophrenia / Depression / OCD / personality disorders
89/98 (Schizophrenia & Hypomania):
Self-centered / infantile / demanding
Labile!!! / Fear emotional involvement
Bizarre speech & thinking

66. MMPI-II: Three-Point Code Types
123/213/231
132/312
138
139
247/274/472
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
687/867
MMPI-II: Three-Point Code Types
123/213/231 (Hypochondriasis & Depression & Hysteria):
Somatoform disorder / anxiety disorder / depressive disorder
Life is a strain / keep people at a distance
Fatigued / low energy & sex drive
132/312 (Hypochondriasis & Depression & Hysteria):
1 & 3 are significantly higher than 2 the “conversion valley”
Conversion symptoms – somatoform pain disorder
Denial & repression / Approval is important / seek med. TX often
138 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria & Schizophrenia):
Schizophrenia (paranoid type) or paranoid personality disorder
Bizarre somatic symptoms – delusional in nature
Depression / suicide / thought disorder / alcohol / agitated

67. MMPI-II: Three-Point Code Types
123/213/231
132/312
138
139
247/274/472
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
687/867
MMPI-II: Three-Point Code Types
139 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria & Hypomania):
Somatoform disorder / organic brain syndrome
Frequent outbursts of temper / irritation
247/274/472 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate & Psychasthenia):
Passive-aggressive personality disorder / alcohol & drugs
Family problems / depressed & pessimistic / OCD
Overreact to stress / hostile / fear of failing
278/728 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate & Schizophrenia):
Schizoid life styles / great life turmoil
Tense / nervous / fearful / sad / pessimistic / despondent
Variety of diagnoses – consult other subscales for diagnosis

68. MMPI-II: Three-Point Code Types
123/213/231
132/312
138
139
247/274/472
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
687/867
MMPI-II: Three-Point Code Types
468/486/648/684/846/864 (Psychopathic Deviate & Paranoia & Schizophrenia):
Anxious / Depressed / Agitated / Critical
History of physical abuse / suicide / family problems
Psychiatric hospitalizations
478/487/748/784/847/874 (Psychopathic Deviate & Psychasthenia & Schizophrenia):
Psychotic symptoms – delusions / hallucinations / poor reality
Depression / suicide / anxiety / agitation
687/867 (Paranoia & Schizophrenia & Psychasthenia):
6 & 8 much more elevated than 7 – the “psychotic valley”
Serious psychopathology – schizophrenia (paranoid type)
Hallucinations / delusions / blunted affect / aggressive when drinking

69. Content Scales Wiggings developed this scale in 1966
He suggested that how an individual chooses to present himself or herself when responding to the mmpi items, whatever the reasoning or motivation, provide useful information that might argument what can be learned from scores on the clinical scales.
The descriptors are based on the scale content and empirical.
They apply of content scale score if greater than than 64.

70. MMPI-II: Content Scales
ANX:
Anxiety
FRS:
Fears
OBS:
Obsessiveness
DEP:
Depression
HEA:
Health Concerns
BIZ:
Bizarre Mentation
ANG:
Anger
CYN:
Cynicism
ASP:
Antisocial Practices
TPA:
Type A Behavior
LSE:
Low Self-Esteem
SOD:
Social Discomfort
FAM:
Family Problems
WRK:
Work Interference
TRT:
Negative Treatment Indicators

71. MMPI-II: Content Scales ANX (Anxiety) FRS (Fears)
OBS
DEP
HEA
BIZ
ANG
CYN
ASP
TPA
LSE
SOD
FAM
WRK
TRT
Anxious / Nervous
Poor concentration
Uneasy decision making
OCD symptoms
May have suicidal ideation
Hopeless / Overwhelmed
Insecure / low self-confidence
Fearful
Uneasy
Phobias
Multiple fears
Not very competitive

72. MMPI-II: Content Scales OBS (Obsessiveness) DEP (Depression)
ANX
FRS
OBS
DEP
HEA
BIZ
ANG
CYN
ASP
TPA
LSE
SOD
FAM
WRK
TRT
Difficulty decision making
Rigid / not like change
Worry / ruminate
Low self-confidence
OCD symptoms
Hopeless
Low interest in things
Depressed / blue
Fatigued / lethargic
Pessimistic
Cry
Past suicide attempts
Health concerns
Relationship problems
Life is a strain

73. MMPI-II: Content Scales HEA (Health Concerns) BIZ (Bizarre Mentation)
ANX
FRS
OBS
DEP
HEA
BIZ
ANG
CYN
ASP
TPA
LSE
SOD
FAM
WRK
TRT
Deny good physical health
Preoccupied with physical health
Lethargic
Poor coping skills
Depressive symptoms
Somatic symptoms in times of stress
Psychotic thoughts
Unusual thought content
Feeling in unreality
Paranoia?
“People reading my Mind”
History of suicide attempts
Past sexual abuse?
Poor achievement

74. MMPI-II: Content Scales ANG (Anger) CYN (Cynicism)
ANX
FRS
OBS
DEP
HEA
BIZ
ANG
CYN
ASP
TPA
LSE
SOD
FAM
WRK
TRT
Angry / Hostile
Irritable, impatient
Aggressive / Impulsive
Swearing / smashing things
Loss of control
Feelings of unfair TX
Physically abused?
Dishonest, uncaring
Suspicious
Untrusting
Not friendly / helpful
Low achievement
Paranoia?
Physical abuse?

75. MMPI-II: Content Scales ASP (Antisocial Practices) TPA (Type A)
ANX
FRS
OBS
DEP
HEA
BIZ
ANG
CYN
ASP
TPA
LSE
SOD
FAM
WRK
TRT
Trouble w/ & disregard for law or school
Enjoy criminals
Resent authority
Manipulative / Cold hearted
Self-centered
Dishonest / Antisocial
Aggressive / angry / Impulsive
Work oriented
Fast paced
Never enough time
Impatient
Hostile / irritable
Overbearing
Hold grudges
Paranoia?

76. MMPI-II: Content Scales LSE (Low Self-Esteem) SOD (Social Discomfort)
ANX
FRS
OBS
DEP
HEA
BIZ
ANG
CYN
ASP
TPA
LSE
SOD
FAM
WRK
TRT
Poor self-concepts
Anticipate failure
Feeling inept
See others as superior
Passive in relationships
Worries / fears
Uncomfortable with compliments
Shy / introverted
Limited interests
Feeling awkward
Preoccupied with health
Overly sensitive
Emotionally withdrawn
Depressive Disorder?

77. MMPI-II: Content Scales FAM (Family Problems) WRK (Work Interference)
ANX
FRS
OBS
DEP
HEA
BIZ
ANG
CYN
ASP
TPA
LSE
SOD
FAM
WRK
TRT
Problems w/ family
Family lacks love
Rejects family
Angry toward family
Raw deal from life
Physically abused?
Depressed
Depressive disorder?
Poor work performance
Questioning own career
Others disapproved of their career
Insecure / failures
Low achievement
Lethargic / sad
Suicidal ideation

78. MMPI-II: Content Scales TRT (Negative Treatment Indicators)
ANX
FRS
OBS
DEP
HEA
BIZ
ANG
CYN
ASP
TPA
LSE
SOD
FAM
WRK
TRT
Do not like clinicians
Terminate TX early
No one can understand
Do not want to disclose
Experience intense emotional distress
Do not like change
Low energy / insecure
Suicidal ideation
Poor judgment

79. Content Component Scales
The Content Scales are further broken down & described in the Content Component Scales. There are a total of 27 Content Component Scales that Correspond with the Content Scales. ANX, OBS, & WRK do not have any Component Scales
Developed by Ben porah and Sher-wood in 1993
Interpreted only the score more than 64 and parent content scale T score 60 or greater.

80. Content Component Scales Scores
FRS 1 (Generalized Fearfulness):
Report a general pattern of fearfulness and timidity
Generally nervous
FRS 2 (Multiple Fears):
Many specific fearful stimuli such as animals, heights, etc.
Many specific phobias

81. Content Component Scales Scores
DEP 1 (Lack of Drive):
Unable to get going and get things done
Lack of interest in things
DEP 2 (Dysphoria):
Depressed, sad, blue & difficulty overcoming depressed feelings
DEP 3 (Self-Depreciation):
Negative self-concept & Feels useless, helpless, guilty, or worthless
DEP 4 (Suicidal Ideation):
Current or recent suicidal ideation & gestures

82. Content Component Scales Scores
HEA 1 (Gastrointestinal Symptoms):
Reports many gastrointestinal problems
HEA 2 (neurological symptoms):
Reports many neurological problems
HEA 3 (general health concerns):
Preoccupied with physical health concerns
Believe they are experiencing poor health

83. Content Component Scales Scores
BIZ 1 (Psychotic Symptomatology):
A number of frankly psychotic symptoms
Hallucinations & delusions
BIZ 2 (schizotypal characteristics):
Strange and peculiar experiences
Ideas of reference & paranoid ideation

84. Content Component Scales Scores
ANG 1 (Explosive Behavior):
Explosive behaviors such as hitting and smashing things
Frequent temper tantrums
ANG 2 (Irritability):
Irritable and grouchy
Complain a great deal
Impatient & easily annoyed

85. Content Component Scales Scores
CYN 1 (Misanthropic Beliefs):
Believes others are selfish and interested only in their own welfare
Are unwilling to rely on others for help & support or to help others
CYN 2 (Interpersonal Suspiciousness):
Believe others are not to be trusted
Report paranoid ideation

86. Content Component Scales Scores
ASP 1 (Antisocial Attitudes):
Antisocial beliefs and attitudes
Little respect for the law or authority
ASP 2 (Antisocial Behavior):
Report engaging in antisocial behaviors
May have been in trouble with law & or engage in substance abuse

87. Content Component Scales Scores
TPA 1 (Impatience):
Impatient with others especially at work
Easily annoyed
Do not like to be interrupted
TPA 2 (Competitive Drive):
Very competitive
Driven to succeed at all costs
May be viewed by others as hostile

88. Content Component Scales Scores
LSE 1 (Self-Doubt):
Poor self-concepts
Believe others do not like them
Are viewed by others as putting selves down
LSE 2 (Submissiveness):
Give to others
Are readily downed in an argument
Passive in relationships
Turn to others for help in decision making

89. Content Component Scales Scores
SOD 1 (Introversion):
Dislike being around others
Kept others at a distance
SOD 2 (Shyness):
Uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships
Find it difficult to interact with new people

90. Content Component Scales Scores
FAM 1 (Family Discord):
Experiences significant family conflict and strife
Get into frequent arguments with family members
FAM 2 (Family Alienation):
Feeling alienated from family
Do not perceive family as source of support
Do not have strong emotional ties with family members

91. Content Component Scales Scores
TRT 1 (Low Motivation):
Feel unmotivated or unable to change
May be viewed as having given up on solving problems
Lack self-confidence
TRT 2 (Inability to Disclose):
Feel unable to open up to others
Are uncomfortable discussing personal matters
Believes others cannot understand

92. Supplementary Scales
The supplementary scales are intended to add the interpretation of validity and clinical scale
The T score 65 or greater should be considered high and below 40 should be considered low

93. MMPI-II: Supplementary Scales
A: Anxiety (T>64)
Anxious and uncomfortable
Depressed and have somatic complaints
R: Repression (T>64)
Introverted, internalizing individuals who have adopted careful and cautious life-styles

94. MMPI-II: Supplementary Scales
Es: Ego Strength (T>64)
Appear to be fairly well put together emotionally. In non-clinical populations: not likely to have serious emotional problems.
LOW SCORES – more severe problems that are less likely to be situational in nature
Es: Ego Strength (T = 40-64)
No interpretation
Es: Ego Strength (T <40)
Poor overall insight
Poor prognosis for treatment
Limited psychological resources for dealing with problems

95. MMPI-II: Supplementary Scales
MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised (Raw>28)
Socially extroverted, exhibitionistic, self-confident and assertive
Aggressive, may have problems in school or law
Competitive, risk taking, experience blackouts
May be more likely to have made previous suicide attempts
MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised (Raw = 24-27)
May suggest substance abuse problems
MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised (Raw < 24)
Substance abuse problems less likely

96. MMPI-II: Supplementary Scales
AAS: Addiction Acknowledgement Scale (T>60)
May have diagnoses of substance abuse or dependence
Have histories of acting out behaviors
May have suicide attempts
APS: Addiction Potential Scale (T>60)
The precursor to the symptoms found on AAS
Possible substance abuse problems
Antisocial behavior?

97. MMPI-II: Supplementary Scales
MDS: Marital Distress Scale (T>64)
Experiencing depression and may have suicidal ideation
Anger, sadness, have few friends
Ho: Hostility (T>64)
High levels of anger, not friendly, increased risk of serious health problems
Cynical, suspicious, hostile
O-H: Overcontrolled – Hostility (T>64)
Tend not to express anger, have strong needs to excel, describe supportive family backgrounds
Trustful, dependent on others

98. MMPI-II: Supplementary Scales
Do: Dominance (T>64)
Appear poised and self assured, secure and self-confident
Resourceful, efficient, realistic achievement oriented
Feel adequate to handle problems
Re: Social Responsibility (T>64)
Have incorporated societal and cultural values and are committed to behaving in a manner consistent with those values – they place high value on honesty and justice.
Mt: College Maladjustment (T>64)
Suggest general maladjustment and pessimism
Procrastinates & anxious

99. MMPI-II: Supplementary Scales
GM: Masculine Gender Role & GF: Feminine Gender Role
The higher the score the more traditional gender roles are displayed
The higher the score the more positive (confident, free from worries)
Also, the higher the score the more likely there is a drug or alcohol issue
PK: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Are reporting intense emotional distress, enxiety and sleep disturbances
May be having unwanted or disturbing thoughts

100. MMPI-II: The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5 Scales)
Developed from theories of personality disorders and “normal” personality
The PSY-5 constructs cover 5 broad personality domains that are relevant to clinical planning, communication, and intervention.

101. MMPI-II: The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5 Scales)
AGGR (Aggressiveness) (T >= 64)
Enjoy intimidating others and may use aggression as a tool to accomplish their goals
Dominant in relationships
PSYC (Psychoticism) (T >= 64)
This assesses the disconnection from reality
DISC (Disconstraint) (T >= 64)
Tend to be more risk taking, impulsive, and less traditional
Slight tendency to prefer romantic partners who have the same features

102. MMPI-II: The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5 Scales)
NEGE (Negative Emotionality Neuroticism) (T >= 64)
DX with depression or dysthymia at intake
Low functioning with few friends – focus on their flaws
INTR (Introversion / Low Positive emotionality) (T >= 64)
Increased rates of depression and low achievement expectations
Low score less than 40 T shows extroverted and high positive emotional pattern

103. MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
The Harris – Lingoes Subscales are meant to give a better understanding of basic clinical scales.
Developed by Harris – Lingoes
The Harris Lingoes Subscales provides information concerning the kinds of items that were endorsed in the scored direction in obtaining a particular score on a clinical (basic) scale.
It is only used to understand high elevations.
The subscales should be interpreted only when T score grater than 64 and also parent scale T score greater than 64
Harris & Lingoes did not develop subscales for 5 & 0. This was done in accordance to research that does not consider scales 5 and 0 as true clinical scales.

104. MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
D 1: Subjective Depression
Feeling unhappy, blue, or depressed
Lack self confidence
D 2: Psychomotor Retardation
Feeling immobilized / withdrawn
Avoid other people
D 3: Physical Malfunctioning
Preoccupied with their own physical functioning
Do not have good health
D 4: Mental Dullness
Lack of energy to cope with the problems of life
Feel inferior to others
D 5: Brooding
Brood, ruminate, cry much of the time
Easily hurt by criticism

105. MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
Hy 1: Denial of Social Anxiety
A T greater than 65 is not possible – Not helpful in understanding high scores
Hy 2: Need for Affection
Have strong needs for attention & affection from others and fear that those needs will not be met if they are more honest about their feelings & attitudes
Have optimistic and trusting attitudes toward other people
Hy 3: Lassitude – Malaise
Feeling uncomfortable and are not in good health
Feel weak, fatigued
Hy 4: Somatic Complaints
Have many somatic complaints
Experience pain in the hear or chest
Express little or no hostility toward other people
Hy 5: Inhibition of Aggression
Do not experience hostile and aggressive impulses
Are not interested in reading about crime or violence

106. MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
Pd 1: Familial Discord
See their home and family life as quite unpleasant
Have felt like leaving their home situations
Pd 2: Authority Problems
Resent societal and parental standards and customs
Have been in trouble in school or with the law
Pd 3: Social Imperturbability
A T greater than 65 is not possible – Not helpful in understanding high scores
Pd 4: Social Alienation
Feels alienated, isolated, etc.
Feels that other people do not understand them
Pd 5: Self Alienation
Feeling uncomfortable and unhappy
Have problems concentrating
Find it hard to settle down
May use alcohol excessively.

107. MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
Pa 1: Persecutory Ideas
View the world as a threatening place
Feel that they are getting a raw deal from life
Are suspicious and untrusting of other people
Pa 2: Poignancy
Are more high strung and more sensitive than other people
Feel more intensely than others
Pa 3: Naivete
Have very optimistic attitudes about other people
Are tursting and see others as honest, unselfish, generous, and altruistic

108. MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
Sc 1: Social Alienation
Getting a raw deal from life
Others have it in for me or are against me
Sc 2: Emotional Alienation
Experience feelings of depression and despair and may wish that they are dead
Apathetic and frightened or have sadistic &/or masochistic needs
Sc 3: Lack of Ego Mastery (Cognitive)
Feeling that they might be losing their minds
Have strange thought processes and feelings of unreality or have problems with concentration & memory

109. MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
Sc 4: Lack of Ego Mastery (Conative)
Feel that life is a strain and that they experience depression and despair
Have difficulty in coping with everyday problems and worry excessively
Sc 5: Lack of Ego Mastery (Defective Inhibition)
Tend to be restless, hyperactive, and irritable
Have periods of laughing and crying that they cannot control
Sc 6: Bizarre Sensory Experiences
Experience feelings that their bodies are changing in strange and unusual ways
Experience skin sensitivity, feeling hot or cold, voice changes, muscle twitching, clumsiness, problems in balance, ringing or buzzing in the ears, paralysis, and weakness

110. MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
Ma 1: Amorality
Perceive others as selfish, dishonest, and opportunistic because of these perceptions feel justified in behaving in similar ways
Derive vicarious satisfaction from the manipulative exploits of others
Ma 2: Psychomotor Retardation
Experience acceleration of speech, thought processes, and motor activity
Feel tense and restless or excited or elated without cause
Ma 3: Imperturbability
Do not experience social anxiety
Feel comfortable around others
Have no problem in talking with other
Ma 4: Ego Inflation
Are important persons
Have been treated unfairly
Are resentful when others make demands of them

111. MMPI-II: Other Subscales
Ben-Porath, Hostetler, Butcher, & Graham Subscales
Si 1:
Shyness / Self-Consciousness
Si 2:
Social Avoidance
Si 3:
Self / Other Alienation

112. MMPI-II: Other Subscales
Si 1: Shyness / Self-Consciousness
High Scores: feeling shy, anxious, uncomfortable, easily embarrassed
Low Scores: extroverted, initiate social contact with other people
Si 2: Social Avoidance
High Scores: do not enjoy being involved with groups or crowds or people
Low Scores: enjoy being involved with groups or crowds
Si 3: Self / Other Alienation
High Scores: low self-esteem, lack interest in activities, feel unable to effect changes in their life, insecure
Low Scores: have high self-esteem, appear to be interested in activities

113. Critical Item Analysis
Suicide
75 False, 303 True, 506 True, 520 True, 524 True
Assault
27 True, 37 True, 85 True, True, 213 True, 389 True

114. Thank you…. All the best…