1. Cultures Clash on the Prairie and Settling on the Great Plains
Chapter 13 Section 1&2
Cultures Clash on the Prairie and Settling on the Great Plains

2. Indians on the Great Plains
Indians gain horses and guns  ability to travel and hunt/defend themselves
Tribes would fight each other over land and buffalo
Buffalo was used for clothes, shoes, food, and shelter
Indians felt land could not be owned, whites felt otherwise

3. White Settlers Move West
Silver and Gold drove people to move out west
RR expansion begins to restrict Native Americans as well
US had provided the Great Plains entirely for the Native Americans
In the 1850’s they withdrew the previous agreement and began to expand out west
Instead of one large areas boundaries were designated

4. Massacre at Sand Creek
1864 most of the Cheyenne thought they were under government protection
They returned to CO Sand Creek reservation for the winter
An General Curtis told Col. Chivington to make the Indians suffer
Chivington and army attacked them (200 warriors and 500 women and children) 150 died

5. Death on the Bozeman Trail
Bozeman trail ran through the Sioux land in the Bighorn Mtns.
Their Chief Red Cloud had asked the government to stop settlers from moving west
A warrior Crazy Horse ambushed a Cpt. William J. Fetterman and company at Lodge Trail Ridge
80+ soldiers killed
Called the Battle of Hundred Slain/ Fetterman Massacre
Government closes the Bozeman Trail
Treaty of Fort Laramie signed
Sioux agreed to live on the reservation along the Missouri River
Sitting Bull never signed it but Olga and Brule Sioux did

6. Custer’s Last Stand The treaty was only temporary
War and bloodshed continues
George A. Custer had reported their was gold in the Black Hills of the Sioux
Colonel Custer reach Little Bighorn River where the Sioux were waiting
Sioux and Cheyenne v Col. Custer and army
Within an hour Custer and his men were dead
Short lived battle, the Chief surrenders

7. Assimilation
Assimilation: Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and be apart of the white culture
Congress passes the Dawes Act of 1887
Breaks up reservations giving it to individual Native Americans
The land left over was given to white settlers

8. The Battle of Wounded Knee--stop
Sioux were suffering with poverty and disease
A prophet told them if they preformed a “Ghost Dance” everything would be better
The Ghost Dance Movement began to scare white settlers so the government acts
350 Sioux were taken and demanded to give up their weapons
A shot was fired unknown from which side
300 Native Americans are killed
Ends the Native American fight

9. Cowboys New land now open
Cowboys became popular with a new ranching business
Americans learn how to herd large groups of cattle from the Mexicans
They herded from Texas to Kansas
American cowboy was influenced by the Mexican vaquero

10. The Life of a Cowboy They worked from 10-14 hrs
Were around the age of 15 years old and retired around 40 years old
They owned their own equipment but not their own horse
Work season starts in the spring
Lasts about 3 months
1 cowboy per 250 cows
Dangerous

11. The Life of a Cowboy They wore spurs, chaps, ate jerky, rode a bronco
Cowboy words originate from Spanish words
Chaperreras=chaps
Bronco Caballo= Bronco
Rancho= Ranch
Corral and Rodeo also come from Spanish origin
Cowboys not in great demand until RR
Demand for beef increases after Civil War

12. New Trade Routes Moving cattle was destroying land
Cattle dealers decide to create a trail specifically for t=moving cattle
Called the Chisolm Trail, went from San Antonio TX, to KS

13. The End of the Open Range
Ranching ends because of:
Overgrazing of land
Extended bad weather
Invention of barbed wire

14. Railroads Open out West
the government expanded the RR 170 acres
Transcontinental RR created Union Pacific+ Central Pacific meet in Utah

15. Settling Out West
Homestead Act: offers 160 acres of land free to anyone
About 600,000 families take advantage of this
Many who took advantage of this were exodusters (African Americans who moved away from the Reconstruction South)
Businessmen and government were also taking advantage of gaining land
Another land giveaway occurred in current day OK as well

16. Closing the Frontier Land is decreasing
The need to protect land and wilderness arises
Yellowstone National Park created in 1872
By 1880 there was 19 million acres of government owned land
The Frontier was disappearing, the U.S. was no longer unique

17. Challenges on the Plains
Settlers faced droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locust, plagues, and raids
NO trees, so settlers dug houses out of hills, known as a sod home (soddy)
Women worked with the men in the fields, sheared sheep, hauled water

18. New Farming Inventions
The Reapers is created by Cyrus McCormick
John Deere creates the steel plow
Inventions made grain available on a wider market
Morill Act of 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to states to create agricultural colleges