1. Plasma Medicine
Student Seminar Plasma Physics Olevskaia Viktoriia Technische Universität München Faculty of Physics Applied and Engineering Physics Garching,

2. Outlines What is Plasma Medicine? Brief history
Basics of plasma medicine
Use of CAP (cold atmospheric pressure plasmas)
Plasma devices
Plasma and biochemistry
Treatment
Micro-plasma effects
Comparison of old and modern devices
Summary

3. What is Plasma Medicine?

4. Brief history
Arsonvalization (Fig. 1) - one of the most convenient popular electromedical treatments, had a lot in common with modern CAP treatment;
The French physiologist Jacques-Arsène d’Arsonval (1851–1940) discovered the possibility of influencing the human body with high frequencies;
Further development of devices in Germany for the caloric treatment of patients (diathermy);
Industrial introduction of small hand-held devices
“Electric effluvia” - plasma-skin interaction;
Chemical, mechanical and optical changes;
APC (Argon Plasma Configurator)
Fig. 1 Electrical circuit and diagram of high-frequency treatment (skin touched by plasma spark filaments) [5]

5. Basics of Cold Plasma Medicine
For the application directly on or in the human (or animal) body for therapeutic purposes plasmas are needed that:
operate stable and reproducible under open atmospheric conditions, and
are cold (<40 °C) at the tissue contact zone to avoid thermal destruction.

6. Use of CAP (Cold Atmospheric Plasma)
Kill bacteria in surface
Treatment of human’s surface
Aging problem
Trigger intracellular biochemistry

7. Two basic plasma device principles were established (Fig.2)
Plasma Devices
Two basic plasma device principles were established (Fig.2)
DBD (dielectric barrier discharge)
plasma is ignited in the gap between an isolated (dielectric) high-voltage electrode and the tissue to be treated
use atmospheric air as working gas
APPJ (atmospheric pressure plasma jets)
plasma is ignited inside the nozzle and transported to the outside as well as to the object to be treated by a flow of a pre-assembled working gas
differ in electrode configuration, type of gas, and applied electrical parameters
Fig. 2 Volume DBD (left) and plasma jet (right) in contact with finger tips. [3]

8. Plasma Jets
Fig. 3 Structure of Plasma Jets: Photo of the non-equilibrium plasma device [1]

9. Cold plasma jets diagnostics
Electrical parameters of the discharge,
Optical diagnostics,
Plasma density measurements,
Plasma potential measurements

10. Cold plasma jets diagnostics
Fig. 4 Example: Temporal evolution of average plasma density in atmospheric plasma jet for 𝑈 𝐻𝑉 =2.2 kV. [2]

11. Biological effect
Fig. 5 Schematic of transmission of biological plasma effects via liquid phases [3]

12. Plasma and biochemistry
Fig. 6 Example: Typical reactive nitrogen species reactions. (a) NO is formed enzymatically via L-arginine (acting on 𝑁𝐻 2 -containing species, not shown) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). (b) the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide ( 𝑁𝑂 𝑁𝑂 2 - 𝑁𝑂) pathway. [1]

13. CAP and cancer therapy
Fig. 7 Table indicating the effects of the gemcitabine drug treatment (“GEM”), application of the plasma (“NTP” for non-thermal plasma), and the combination of the two treatments on tumor volume in a set of mice. [1]

14. CAP treatment of tumor
Fig. 8 (a) Cold plasma device; (b) typical image of mice with a single tumor before and approximately 1 week after treatment. [2]

15. Micro-plasma effects
Fig. 9 Micro-plasma diagnosis and illustrations of animal setting and treatment area. (a) Plasma plume temperature versus supply power for 0.1% N2/Ar micro-plasma. (b) Relative intensities of plasma species versus percentage of N2 addition in Ar plasma. [4]

16. Micro-plasma effects
Fig. 9 (c) Illustrations of micro-plasma system, target mouse, and OES system (1. hollow stainless steel inner electrode, 2. dielectric quartz tube, 3. outer copper electrode, 4. fiber optic thermometer, 5. OES device, 6. radio frequency power supply, and 7. mass flow controller). (d) Dorsal region treated with laser. [4]

17. Comparison of old and modern devices
Fig. 10 Diameter of IA after plasma treatment of selected species a) CA, b) MSSA, c) SE, over 3–90s with DBD (A: large, 4.5 x 4.5 mm, B: small, 2 x 2 mm electrode), pulsed and non-pulsed (2 variants) APPJ (A, B, C), and VW [5]

18. Summary Electromedicine is a predecessor of Plasma Medicine
CAP for biomedical applications are generated by applying electrical energy to a not directly biologically affective gas
Antibacterial effect
Reactive species with biological potential are generated, which have biochemical applications
There are 2 basic configuration of CAP devices: DBD and APPJ
Effect depends on dose
Micro-plasma also has a lot of applications
Devices changed, but effect is not significantly different

19. References
[1] David B. Graves; Low temperature plasma biomedicine: A tutorial review; PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 21, (2014)
[2] Michael Keidar, Alex Shashurin, Olga Volotskova, Mary Ann Stepp, Priya Srinivasan, Anthony Sandler, and Barry Trink; Cold atmospheric plasma in cancer therapy; PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 20, (2013)
[3] K-D Weltmann and Th von Woedtke; Plasma medicine—current state of research and medical application; 2017 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
[4] Pei-Lin Shao, Jiunn-Der Liao, Tak-Wah Wong, Yi-Cheng Wang, Steve Leu, Hon- Kan Yip; Enhancement of Wound Healing by Non- Thermal 𝑁 2 /Ar Micro-Plasma Exposure in Mice with Fractional- 𝐶𝑂 2 -Laser-Induced Wounds; PLoS ONE 11(6): e
[5] Judith Napp, Georg Daeschlein, Matthias Napp, Sebastian von Podewils, Denis Gümbel, Romy Spitzmueller, Paolo Fornaciari, Peter Hinz, Michael Jünger; On the history of plasma treatment and comparison of microbiostatic efficacy of a historical high-frequency plasma device with two modern devices; GMS Hygiene and Infection Control 2015, Vol. 10, ISSN

20. Thank you for attention!