1. Thinking & Decision Making: Dual Process Model

2. Thinking
Attention paid to particular stimuli
The process of using knowledge and understanding to interpret and predict the world around you
How is this related to Schema Theory?

3. Decision Making
Definition: The process of identifying and choosing alternatives based on values and preferences
Needed during problem solving to reach a solution
Problem-solving utilizes mental strategies to solve specific issues

4. The Dual Process Model of thinking
Stanovich and West (2000)
Two basic modes of thinking
System 1: automatic, intuitive
'fast,' make a decision quickly
Might be prone to errors
System 2: Slower, conscious, rational
Considers other possibilities
Analyze the situation

5. System 1 vs. System 2
*Because System 1 works faster, it often interferes with System 2's processing.
System 1 
System 2 
Context dependent - focuses on existing evidence and ignores absent evidence 
Abstract 
Concerns everyday decision making 
Conscious reasoning 
Generates impressions and inclinations. 
Logical and reliable 
Not logic based and prone to error 
Slow and requiring effort 
Operates automatically and quickly with little or no effort 
Transfers information from one situation to a new situation. 

6. Wason selection Task-1968
Aim: to explore confirmation bias (he loved deductive reasoning)
Procedure: present puzzles to the participants to see how they 'reasoned' the answers
Results:
Most people got the puzzle wrong
Even when he trained them, they still got them wrong
LATER RESEARCH: When the task is not abstract, System 1 works just fine in solving the problem.
Implications: 
System 1 works quickly and interferes with System 2's analysis

7. Evaluation of the Model
Strengths
Limitations
Biological evidence that it may be system 1 and system 2 could be localized in different areas (Goel, 2000)
Wason Selection task and other cognitive biases are reliable
Overly reductionist
Definitions of system 1 and system 2 not always clear ('faster'??)