_ Pollution, Change, and ___ Depletion

_____ Pollution, __________ Change, and _________ Depletion

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
The Atmosphere Earth's atmosphere contains roughly: ____% nitrogen _____% oxygen 0.93% argon 0.038% carbon dioxide Trace gases 1% water vapour The Earth’s atmosphere (where pressure becomes negligible) is over 140 km thick. Compared to the bulk of the planet, this is an extremely thin barrier between the hospitable and the inhospitable. All images: NASA

Atmospheric __________
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Atmospheric __________ Aurora, caused by collisions between protons and electrons from the Sun and oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere. The atmosphere consists of layers around the Earth, each one defined by the way ___________ changes within its limits. The layer boundaries are: Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause The outermost, the ___________, thins slowly, fading into space with no boundary. Thermosphere This layer extends as high as 1000 km. Temperature increases rapidly after about 88 km. Meteor burning up Mesosphere Temperature is constant in the lower mesosphere, but decreases steadily with height above 56 km. Contains 1000x the ozone of the rest of the atmosphere Stratosphere Temperature is stable to 20 km, then increases due to absorption of UV by the thin layer of beneficial ozone. Troposphere Air mixes vertically and horizontally. All weather including global warming occurs here and this layer contains 75% of the mass of the atmosphere.

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Air ___________ Air ____________ comprises gases, liquids, or solids present in the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to harm living things or cause damage to materials. It does not only exist outdoors; the air enclosed in spaces such as cars and buildings may have ________ levels of air pollutants than the outside air. Sick __________ Syndrome occurs when air pollution inside a building causes a range of ________ ailments to the building’s inhabitants. Sick buildings are determined by 20% of the people reporting adverse health effects, relief outside the building, or chronic respiratory / nerve / allergic / muscle symptoms. Pollution over Mexico City Smoke from chimney stacks

__________ of Air Pollution
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ __________ of Air Pollution ___________________ smog In the presence of direct sunlight, the mixture of pollutants from primary sources reacts to form ozone, nitric acid, PANs (peroxyacyl nitrates), and organic compounds such as formaldehyde. ______________ Sulfur doxide SO2 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 Carbon monoxide CO Hydrogen sulfide H2S Dust, smoke __________ Sulfur oxides Carbon dioxide Volcanic dust Motor ___________ Hydrocarbons HC Nitric oxide NO Carbon monoxide CO Smoke and lead Volcanoes and forest fires are a natural source of air pollutants Emissions from power plants and industry, as well as burning fossil fuels Petrol and diesel combustion engines Methane from the belching and flatus of ruminants

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Outdoor Air Pollution Major _____________ pollutants produced by human activity (anthropogenic): ______________(especially SO2)is produced from industrial processes that burn fossil fuels like coal and is implicated as a precursor to acid rain. Volcanoes are a non-anthropogenic source of SO2. Nitrogen oxides (especially NO2) are emitted form high temperature combustion like power plants for energy production and automobile engines NO2 can also lead to acid deposition. ______________: carbon monoxide is odorless and colorless poisonous gas emitted form the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels especially for transportation and has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen in the blood. Carbon dioxide is also emitted from combustion and volcanoes and is a primary cause of climate change. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like methane (CH4) are emitted from rice production, landfills, cow, sheep or human flatulence by anaerobic respiration and motor vehicles. ______________ matter (PM) are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas and are derived from volcanoes, dust storms, and fires. Necessary to know sources, harmful effects, and prevention or control methods. Outdoor air pollution can be reduced by: settling out, precipitation, sea spray, winds, and chemical reactions. Outdoor air pollution can be increased by: urban buildings (slow wind dispersal of pollutants), mountains (promote temperature inversions), and high temperatures (promote photochemical reactions).

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Outdoor Air Pollution _____________ pollutants result from reactions with light and primary pollutants: Photochemical ________ is a mixture of sunlight, NOx, VOCs, particulates and ozone. Smog occurs in places like Mexico City or Los Angeles because of ample sunshine thermal inversions and lots of cars. ____________ level _________ (O3) forms from NOx, VOCs and light and results from motor-vehicle exhaust. For humans this is a respiratory irritant and can cause stress on plants from leaf damage. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is also formed from NOx, VOCs and light causes respiratory problems and can also damage plant tissues. Sulfuric _________ forms form SO2, O, and water vapor and can irritate the eyes, nose or throat or loss of soil fertility because of decreased pH. Outdoor air pollution can be reduced by: settling out, precipitation, sea spray, winds, and chemical reactions. Outdoor air pollution can be increased by: urban buildings (slow wind dispersal of pollutants), mountains (promote temperature inversions), and high temperatures (promote photochemical reactions).

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Primary Pollutants CO CO2 Secondary Pollutants SO2 NO NO2 Most hydrocarbons SO3 HNO3 H3SO4 Most suspended particles H2O2 O3 PANs Most NO3– and SO42– salts Sources Natural Stationary Figure 19.3 Natural capital degradation: sources and types of air pollutants. Human inputs of air pollutants may come from mobile sources (such as cars) and stationary sources (such as industrial and power plants). Some primary air pollutants may react with one another or with other chemicals in the air to form secondary air pollutants. Mobile Some primary air pollutants may react with one another or with other chemicals in the air to form secondary air pollutants. Fig. 19-3, p. 442

Air Pollution is a Big ___________
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Air Pollution is a Big ___________ Spatial distribution of ___________ deaths from air pollution in the United States. Air quality is better in U.S since 1970 but worse in ____________ countries: Mexico City & Beijing: air exceeds _________ standards 350 days/year

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
________ DEPOSITION Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates can react in the atmosphere to produce ___________chemicals that can travel long distances before returning to the earth’s surface. Tall _____________ reduce local air pollution but can increase regional air pollution. Can leach toxic metals such as ___________ and __________ from soils and rocks into acidic lakes used as sources for drinking water.

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
ACID DEPOSITION pH measurements in relation to major coal-burning and industrial plants. While acid rain cannot harm humans directly, the sulfur dioxide that creates it can cause __________ problems such as chronic lung problems, like asthma and bronchitis and the nitrogen oxides that create acid rain promote the formation of ____________ ozone which causes severe lung problems like chronic pneumonia and emphysema.

________________ __________________ , amended 1970, 1977 and 1990 EPA sets standards for acceptable levels of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead, & more Provides pollution credits for industries that utilize pollution-control devices such as catalytic converters on cars, and electrostatic precipitators & wet scrubbers on coal burning power plants. It established NAAQS and AQI _____________________________________________(NAAQS) Sets acceptable concentrations for 6 “criteria” pollutants that threaten public health/the environment over broad areas (non-point) and are emitted in large quantities. CO, Pb, Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Particulate Matter and Sulfur Dioxides ________________________________________________– regulates emissions (from point sources) for specific substances (air toxics w/ known or suspected serious health effects (mutagens, carcinogens, neurotoxins) Examples: Ammonia, chlorine, asbestos, arsenic, mercury, benzene Wet scrubbers remove pollutants by passing gases through liquids, reduces gases like SO2 Electrostatic precipitators remove dust and other particulate matters with an electric charge

Air _________ Index (AQI)
Measures levels of ____ criteria pollutants __________ of daily air pollution levels Purpose is to educate and protect public- focuses on health effects

_________ Air Pollution
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Little effort has been devoted to reducing indoor air pollution even though it poses a much _________ threat to human health than outdoor air pollution. Environmental and health scientists call for us to focus on preventing air pollution (especially indoor) in __________ countries.

__________ Air Pollution
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Major indoor air pollutants: ___________ is a radioactive gas that results from the decay of radium and uranium found in the bedrock under buildings. Responsible for tens of thousands of lung cancer deaths each year. Prevention: Remove radon by sealing or ventilating where radon enters the home. __________ and allergens are caused by moisture induced growth of mold and mildew and the release of animal dander and plant pollen. Prevention: filtration, humidity and dust control methods _________________can be released from tobacco smoke, space heaters that use fossil fuel and wood burning stoves. Causes headaches and dizziness. Prevention: Proper ventilation Asbestos Formaldehyde Molds & Allergens Appropriate legislative measures can prevent most indoor air pollutants. Indoor air pollution usually is a greater threat to human health than outdoor air pollution. The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution Lead Carbon Monoxide Radon

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Indoor Air Pollution Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Major indoor air pollutants: _______ like formaldehyde that can be associated with new building material like furniture and carpeting. Causes irritation of eyes, nose, throat and lungs Prevention: Ventilation or alternative materials _______________ fibers are present in floor or ceiling tiles and insulation materials of older buildings. Long term inhalation can lead to lung disease or cancer. Prevention: Removal or sealing ________ can be found in old plumbing pipes and fixtures, older paints, and some ceramic glazes. Causes impaired mental and physical development. Prevention: alternative paints or plumbing Asbestos Formaldehyde Molds & Allergens Appropriate legislative measures can prevent most indoor air pollutants. Indoor air pollution usually is a greater threat to human health than outdoor air pollution. The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution Lead Carbon Monoxide Radon

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Solutions Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Cleanup or Dilution Cover ceiling tiles & lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces Increase intake of outside air Ban smoking or limit it to well ventilated areas Change air more frequently Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials Circulate a building’s air through rooftop green houses Prevent radon infiltration Figure 19.20 Solutions: ways to prevent and reduce indoor air pollution. QUESTION: Which two of these solutions do you think are the most important? Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas Use office machines in well ventilated areas Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves Fig , p. 461

PAST CLIMATE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ PAST CLIMATE AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT Over the past _____________ years, the troposphere has experienced prolonged periods of global cooling and global warming. For the past __________ years, temperatures have remained fairly stable but began to rise during the last century.

How Do We Know What ______________ Were in the Past?
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ How Do We Know What ______________ Were in the Past? Scientists analyze tiny air bubbles trapped in _____ cores learn about past troposphere ____________. _______________ trends. greenhouse _______ concentrations. solar, snowfall, and forest fire activity. In 2005, an ice core showed that CO2 levels in the troposphere are the __________ they have been in 650,000 years. Figure 20-3

_______ Greenhouse Gases
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ _______ Greenhouse Gases The major greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere are ___________, _________ __________, ___________, and __________ _________. These gases have always been present in the earth’s troposphere in varying concentrations. These gases are needed as without them, Earth would be a _____ of ice. Fluctuations in these gases, plus changes in solar output are the major factors causing the changes in tropospheric temperature over the past _____________ years. Increases in average concentrations of three greenhouse gases in the troposphere between 1860 and 2004, mostly due to fossil fuel burning, deforestation, and agriculture. Figure 20-5

CLIMATE CHANGE AND _________ ACTIVITIES
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ CLIMATE CHANGE AND _________ ACTIVITIES Evidence that the earth’s troposphere is warming, mostly because of human actions (anthropogenic): The 20th century was the hottest century in the past ______ years. Since 1900, the earth’s average tropospheric temperature has risen _____ C°. Over the past 50 years, Arctic temperatures have risen almost ________ as fast as those in the rest of the world. Glaciers and floating sea ice are melting and shrinking at increasing rates. Warmer temperatures in Alaska, Russia, and the Arctic are melting ____________ releasing more CO2 and CH4 into the troposphere. During the last century, the world’s sea level rose by _______ cm, mostly due to runoff from melting and land-based ice and the expansion of ocean water as temperatures rise.

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING Between 1979 and 2005, average Arctic sea ice dropped _____%.

Solar Radiation ________________- percentage of incoming radiation reflected off a surface. An albedo of 1 means that 100% of incoming radiation is reflected (no radiation is absorbed); an albedo of 0 means that 0% of incoming radiation is reflected (all radiation is absorbed). Ex, glaciers and ice sheets have a high albedo and reflect ___________% of the sunlight hitting them, but asphalt and buildings have low albedos and reflect %, and oceans and forests reflect only about 5%. The more radiation __________ the less global warming that occurs.

___________ Sea Levels
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ During _______ century rising seas levels are projected to ________low-lying urban areas, coastal estuaries, wetlands, coral reefs, and barrier islands and beaches. If sea levels rise by ______cm during this century, most of the Maldives islands and their coral reefs will be flooded. Figure 20-10

_________ OF GLOBAL WARMING
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Decrease in ability of ocean to remove and store CO2 by decreasing the nutrient supply for ______________ and increasing the acidity of ocean water. Prolonged heat waves and _________ in some areas and prolonged heavy rains and increased flooding in other areas. Altered ocean currents and cause both excessive warming and severe cooling. More frequent and stronger __________. Agricultural productivity may increase in some areas and decrease in others. Increase the number of environmental _________. Global warming will increase deaths from: Heat and disruption of _______ supply. Spread of tropical __________

DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMING
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ DEALING WITH GLOBAL WARMING Climate change is such a _________ problem to deal with because: The problem is ___________. The effects will last a long time. The problem is a long-term ____________ issue. The harmful and beneficial impacts of climate change are not spread evenly. Many actions that might reduce the threat are ___________ because they can impact economies and lifestyles. Getting countries to agree on reducing their greenhouse __________ is difficult. A 2006 poll showed that ______% of Americans want more leadership from federal government on dealing with global warming. Two ways to deal with global warming: _______________ that reduces greenhouse gas emissions. _______________, where we recognize that some warming is unavoidable and devise strategies to reduce its harmful effects.

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
_______________ Climate Negotiations: The Kyoto Protocol & Paris Agreement Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ _______________________ Treaty on global warming which first phase went into effect January, 2005 with _______ countries participating. It requires 38 participating developed countries to cut their emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O to 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012. Developing countries were excluded. ________ did not sign because developing countries such as China, India and Brazil were excluded. California and Maine participated. The Kyoto Protocol will have little effect on ________ global warming without support and action by the U.S., China, and India. _____________________ Agreement on global warming dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year __________. ________ Parties have ratified of 197 Parties at the Convention

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Solutions Climate Change Prevention Cleanup Cut fossil fuel use (especially coal) Remove CO2 from smoke stack and vehicle emissions Shift from coal to natural gas Store (sequester) CO2 by planting trees Improve energy efficiency Sequester CO2 deep underground Shift to renewable energy resources Sequester CO2 in soil by using no-till cultivation and taking cropland out of production Transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to developing countries Reduce deforestation Figure 20.14 Solutions: methods for slowing atmospheric warming during this century. QUESTION: Which five of these mitigation solutions do you think are the most important? Sequester CO2 in the deep ocean Use more sustainable agriculture and forestry Repair leaky natural gas pipelines and facilities Limit urban sprawl Use animal feeds that reduce CH4 emissions by belching cows Reduce poverty Slow population growth Fig , p. 481

__________________ Ozone
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ __________________ Ozone Ozone (O3) A thin veil of renewable __________ exists in a band of the upper stratosphere,17-26 km above the Earth’s surface and is formed by UV rays reacting with oxygen. Stratospheric ozone absorbs about 99% of the harmful incoming ultra violet (UV) _____________ (A, B and C) from the sun and prevents it from reaching the Earth’s surface.

OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Less ozone in the stratosphere allows for more ________ UV radiation to reach the earth’s surface. The ozone layer keeps about _____% of the sun’s harmful UV radiation from reaching the earth’s surface ________________ (CFCs) have lowered the average concentrations of ozone in the stratosphere. In _______ CFCs were no longer manufactured During four months of each year up to half of the ozone in the stratosphere over Antarctica and a smaller amount over the Artic is depleted. In _______, the extent of the ozone hole over Antarctica was the largest ever. Antarctica ozone levels decrease during September to ____________. (Spring) Arctic ozone levels are decreased during __________or May. (Spring)

Ozone Depleting Chemicals
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Discarded refrigerators leak coolant The ozone depleting chemicals (below) drift into the stratosphere, where UV causes the release of highly reactive free __________. __________________ (CFCs) are used in: coolants in fridges and air-conditioners propellants for aerosol cans styrofoam insulation and packaging medical sterilizers ________ are used in many fire extinguishers Methyl chloroform is used to degrease metals Methyl bromide is used as a fumigant Carbon tetrachloride is used in many industrial processes. Many aerosols use CFC propellants

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Ozone Depletion Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ Oxygen molecule Ozone Uv light hits a CFC molecule and releases a chlorine atom Chlorine reacts with ozone Free chlorine Chlorine oxide molecule Free chlorine Chlorine oxide reacts with ozone The following mechanism for ozone depletion is shown in detail on the following slides Cholofluorocarbon (CFC) Ozone 2 oxygen molecules

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breaking off a chlorine atom and leaving CFCl2. Ozone Depletion Sun Cl Once free, the chlorine atom is off to attack another ozone molecule and begin the cycle again. UV radiation One Cl molecule can destroy ____________ Ozone molecules A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off the chlorine monoxide molecule to form O2. The chlorine atom attacks an ozone (O3) molecule, pulling an oxygen atom off it and leaving an oxygen molecule (O2). Figure 20.18 Natural capital degradation: simplified summary of how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other chlorine-containing compounds can destroy ozone in the stratosphere faster than it is formed. Note that chlorine atoms are continuously regenerated as they react with ozone. Thus, they act as catalysts, chemicals that speed up chemical reactions without being used up by the reaction. Bromine atoms released from bromine-containing compounds that reach the stratosphere also destroy ozone by a similar mechanism. The chlorine atom and the oxygen atom join to form a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO). Summary of Reactions CCl3F + UV Cl + CCl2F Cl + O3 ClO + O2 Cl + O Cl + O2 Repeated many times Fig , p. 486

___________ of UV Radiation
Name___________________________________PD________Date__________ ___________ of UV Radiation As well as all the well known health problems associated with ultraviolet radiation, e.g. ____________, ____________ and cataracts, _________ radiation is likely to cause: decrease in the productivity of forests and surface dwelling plankton because of the disruption of _______________ disruption of food chains immune system ____________ in animals lower crop yields increase in ________ change in the global climate STOP Identify the major environmental consequence of the depletion of stratospheric ozone and describe TWO effects on ecosystems and/or human health that can result. Photo: NCI Melanoma skin cancer

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Ozone ____________ The problem of ozone depletion was first detected in ________ when researchers discovered the region of thinner ozone over Antarctica. Since 1987, nations have cut their consumption of ozone-depleting substances by ______%. 1987, the _______________ Protocol Treaty was adopted which banned production and use of chemicals that contributed to ozone depletion. Initially 46 countries signed but now nearly _____ have signed. Went into effect in 1989. Free chlorine in the stratosphere peaked around ________ and is projected to decline for more than a century. Ozone loss is projected to diminish gradually until around _________ when the polar ozone levels will return to levels. It will take another ______________ years for full recovery (to pre-1950 levels).

Name___________________________________PD________Date__________
Natural Capital Degradation Effects of Ozone Depletion Human __________ • Worse sunburn • More eye cataracts • More skin cancers • Immune system suppression Food and Forests • Reduced yields for some crops • Reduced seafood supplies from reduced phytoplankton • Decreased forest productivity for UV-sensitive tree species ____________ • Increased eye cataracts in some species • Decreased population of aquatic species sensitive to UV radiation • Reduced population of surface phytoplankton • Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced phytoplankton Figure 20.21 Natural capital degradation: expected effects of decreased levels of ozone in the stratosphere. QUESTION: Which five of these effects do you think are the most important? _____________________and Materials • Increased acid deposition • Increased photochemical smog • Degradation of outdoor paints and plastics Fig , p. 488 ______________ • Accelerated warming because of decreased ocean uptake of CO2 from atmosphere by phytoplankton and CFCs acting as greenhouse gases

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_____ Pollution, __________ Change, and _________ Depletion

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