Neoclassical Period.

Neoclassical Period

Enlightenment Historical Overview
4 Trends of the age Growing concentration of political power in the great states (France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Netherlands) Return of the aristocracy to high standing after a century in decline Rise to political & cultural importance of middle class who supported the ideologies of Enlightenment philosophers The Enlightenment- intellectual & cultural movement spawned by Enlightenment thinkers (philosophes) Enlightenment Historical Overview 4 Trends of the Age Growing concentration of political power in the great states (France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Netherlands) Return of the aristocracy to high standing after a century in decline Rise to political & cultural importance of middle class who supported the ideologies of Enlightenment philosophers The Enlightenment- intellectual & cultural movement spawned by Enlightenment thinkers (philosophes) Derive their ideas from a variety of sources Using ancient Greece & Rome as an example they rejected superstition & sought truth through the use of reason, and viewed the world from a secular, human centered perspective From the Renaissance, they embraced the ideology of humanism Belief that people become better through the study & practice of literature, philosophy, music & the arts From the Scientific Revolution the developed a reliance on rationalism, skepticism, the scientific method, and the belief of human ability to perfect themselves through education & unlimited progress Reached a small percentage of the population but their greatest effect was felt in Paris & London a) Targeted the aristocrats & middle class New Political Ideologies Philosophes French for philosopher; weren’t really philosophers in a strict sense They were popularizers who wanted to influence public opinion on certain matters Characteristics of philosophes Never reached complete agreement as a group Had full confidence in reason Believed that nature was orderly & fundamentally good Felt that change & progress would improve society Rejected religious fanaticism, bigotry, & intolerance Advocated religious freedom Considered women to be the mental & physical inferiors of men & in need of male protection & guidance Notable philosophes Voltaire Writings were intended to create a laugh but were serious in their tone Mainly interested in the freedom of thought & religion (“Crush the infamous thing!”) Diderot Edited the 18th century publication Encyclopedia Helped spread ideologies of the philosophes & other ideas on science, technology, history & social criticism Montesquieu French philosopher who developed the concept of checks & balances; separation of powers developed by him also Rousseau Best known for writing The Social Contract; contract was not between people & government but the people themselves “Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains.” Developed concept of the “general will”; issue that unites the people. IT IS NOT MAJORITY WILL/RULE American Revolution Causes Taxes After French & Indian War ( ) England decided to make colonists pay for a war fought on colonial soil Passed a series of acts (already paid by English citizens) but the most hated were the Stamp Act & Tea Act Stamp Act- placed a levy on any paper products which had to have a royal stamp on it Tea Act- Colonists were required to buy English Tea (cheaper than other tea); resulted in the Boston Tea Party & Parliament’s passage of the Intolerable Acts “Give me liberty or give me death!” Debate over representation Colonists demanded actual representation (representatives would be sent to London to sit in Parliament) Felt until this occurred that they shouldn’t have to pay taxes “No taxation w/o representation” Parliament believed in virtual representation (colonists interests were represented by Parliament as it was) Effects The American republic stood as a symbol of freedom to both Europe & Latin America The United States Constitution created the most liberal government of its time & other nations would copy the ideas in that document The success of the American Revolution inspired major global changes as people in Latin America & Europe challenged the power of absolute monarchs French Revolution Absolute Monarchy a) Citizens were denied basic rights & a voice in the government Social Inequality France was divided into 3 Estates First Estate- clergy (held enormous wealth, were exempt from paying taxes, and enjoyed special rights & privileges) Second Estate- nobles Third Estate- 98% of French population; diverse group- bourgeoisie (middle class), poor urban workers, rural peasants. All resented the rights & privileges of the upper class & the large tax burden. Grew increasingly discontent Economic Injustices Government was bankrupt by late 1780s; expenses more than revenue Costly wars only increased financial problems in France; 50% of budget paid interest only on the national debt Enlightenment Philosophes were highly critical of French government & demanded democratic reforms Felt it was unjust for 1st & 2nd Estate to exploit the 3rd Estate English & American Examples England’s Glorious Revolution proved that people could challenge the existing authority & overthrow an absolute monarch American fight for liberty & equality inspired the Third Estate in France Democratic Ideals Spread by conquests of Napoleon People wanted liberty from absolute monarchs & unjust governments Pursued equality by opposing social inequality & injustice Worked together for a common cause Nationalism Conquests of Napoleon inspired feelings of national pride Replaced earlier loyalty to local authority & the monarch

New political ideologies Locke Voltaire Writings were intended to create a laugh but were serious in their tone Mainly interested in the freedom of thought & religion Diderot Edited the 18th century publication Encyclopedia Helped spread ideologies of the philosophes & other ideas on science, technology, history & social criticism Montesquieu French philosopher who developed the concept of checks & balances; separation of powers developed by him also Rousseau Best known for writing The Social Contract; contract was not between people & government but the people themselves “Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains.” Enlightenment Historical Overview 4 Trends of the Age Growing concentration of political power in the great states (France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Netherlands) Return of the aristocracy to high standing after a century in decline Rise to political & cultural importance of middle class who supported the ideologies of Enlightenment philosophers The Enlightenment- intellectual & cultural movement spawned by Enlightenment thinkers (philosophes) Derive their ideas from a variety of sources Using ancient Greece & Rome as an example they rejected superstition & sought truth through the use of reason, and viewed the world from a secular, human centered perspective From the Renaissance, they embraced the ideology of humanism Belief that people become better through the study & practice of literature, philosophy, music & the arts From the Scientific Revolution the developed a reliance on rationalism, skepticism, the scientific method, and the belief of human ability to perfect themselves through education & unlimited progress Reached a small percentage of the population but their greatest effect was felt in Paris & London a) Targeted the aristocrats & middle class New Political Ideologies Philosophes French for philosopher; weren’t really philosophers in a strict sense They were popularizers who wanted to influence public opinion on certain matters Characteristics of philosophes Never reached complete agreement as a group Had full confidence in reason Believed that nature was orderly & fundamentally good Felt that change & progress would improve society Rejected religious fanaticism, bigotry, & intolerance Advocated religious freedom Considered women to be the mental & physical inferiors of men & in need of male protection & guidance Notable philosophes Voltaire Writings were intended to create a laugh but were serious in their tone Mainly interested in the freedom of thought & religion (“Crush the infamous thing!”) Diderot Edited the 18th century publication Encyclopedia Helped spread ideologies of the philosophes & other ideas on science, technology, history & social criticism Montesquieu French philosopher who developed the concept of checks & balances; separation of powers developed by him also Rousseau Best known for writing The Social Contract; contract was not between people & government but the people themselves “Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains.” Developed concept of the “general will”; issue that unites the people. IT IS NOT MAJORITY WILL/RULE American Revolution Causes Taxes After French & Indian War ( ) England decided to make colonists pay for a war fought on colonial soil Passed a series of acts (already paid by English citizens) but the most hated were the Stamp Act & Tea Act Stamp Act- placed a levy on any paper products which had to have a royal stamp on it Tea Act- Colonists were required to buy English Tea (cheaper than other tea); resulted in the Boston Tea Party & Parliament’s passage of the Intolerable Acts “Give me liberty or give me death!” Debate over representation Colonists demanded actual representation (representatives would be sent to London to sit in Parliament) Felt until this occurred that they shouldn’t have to pay taxes “No taxation w/o representation” Parliament believed in virtual representation (colonists interests were represented by Parliament as it was) Effects The American republic stood as a symbol of freedom to both Europe & Latin America The United States Constitution created the most liberal government of its time & other nations would copy the ideas in that document The success of the American Revolution inspired major global changes as people in Latin America & Europe challenged the power of absolute monarchs French Revolution Absolute Monarchy a) Citizens were denied basic rights & a voice in the government Social Inequality France was divided into 3 Estates First Estate- clergy (held enormous wealth, were exempt from paying taxes, and enjoyed special rights & privileges) Second Estate- nobles Third Estate- 98% of French population; diverse group- bourgeoisie (middle class), poor urban workers, rural peasants. All resented the rights & privileges of the upper class & the large tax burden. Grew increasingly discontent Economic Injustices Government was bankrupt by late 1780s; expenses more than revenue Costly wars only increased financial problems in France; 50% of budget paid interest only on the national debt Enlightenment Philosophes were highly critical of French government & demanded democratic reforms Felt it was unjust for 1st & 2nd Estate to exploit the 3rd Estate English & American Examples England’s Glorious Revolution proved that people could challenge the existing authority & overthrow an absolute monarch American fight for liberty & equality inspired the Third Estate in France Democratic Ideals Spread by conquests of Napoleon People wanted liberty from absolute monarchs & unjust governments Pursued equality by opposing social inequality & injustice Worked together for a common cause Nationalism Conquests of Napoleon inspired feelings of national pride Replaced earlier loyalty to local authority & the monarch

American Revolution Effects The American republic stood as a symbol of freedom to both Europe & Latin America The United States Constitution created the most liberal government of its time & other nations would copy the ideas in that document The success of the American Revolution inspired major global changes as people in Latin America & Europe challenged the power of absolute monarchs French Revolution Democratic Ideals Spread by conquests of Napoleon People wanted liberty from absolute monarchs & unjust governments Nationalism Conquests of Napoleon inspired feelings of national pride Enlightenment Historical Overview 4 Trends of the Age Growing concentration of political power in the great states (France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Netherlands) Return of the aristocracy to high standing after a century in decline Rise to political & cultural importance of middle class who supported the ideologies of Enlightenment philosophers The Enlightenment- intellectual & cultural movement spawned by Enlightenment thinkers (philosophes) Derive their ideas from a variety of sources Using ancient Greece & Rome as an example they rejected superstition & sought truth through the use of reason, and viewed the world from a secular, human centered perspective From the Renaissance, they embraced the ideology of humanism Belief that people become better through the study & practice of literature, philosophy, music & the arts From the Scientific Revolution the developed a reliance on rationalism, skepticism, the scientific method, and the belief of human ability to perfect themselves through education & unlimited progress Reached a small percentage of the population but their greatest effect was felt in Paris & London a) Targeted the aristocrats & middle class New Political Ideologies Philosophes French for philosopher; weren’t really philosophers in a strict sense They were popularizers who wanted to influence public opinion on certain matters Characteristics of philosophes Never reached complete agreement as a group Had full confidence in reason Believed that nature was orderly & fundamentally good Felt that change & progress would improve society Rejected religious fanaticism, bigotry, & intolerance Advocated religious freedom Considered women to be the mental & physical inferiors of men & in need of male protection & guidance Notable philosophes Voltaire Writings were intended to create a laugh but were serious in their tone Mainly interested in the freedom of thought & religion (“Crush the infamous thing!”) Diderot Edited the 18th century publication Encyclopedia Helped spread ideologies of the philosophes & other ideas on science, technology, history & social criticism Montesquieu French philosopher who developed the concept of checks & balances; separation of powers developed by him also Rousseau Best known for writing The Social Contract; contract was not between people & government but the people themselves “Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains.” Developed concept of the “general will”; issue that unites the people. IT IS NOT MAJORITY WILL/RULE American Revolution Causes Taxes After French & Indian War ( ) England decided to make colonists pay for a war fought on colonial soil Passed a series of acts (already paid by English citizens) but the most hated were the Stamp Act & Tea Act Stamp Act- placed a levy on any paper products which had to have a royal stamp on it Tea Act- Colonists were required to buy English Tea (cheaper than other tea); resulted in the Boston Tea Party & Parliament’s passage of the Intolerable Acts “Give me liberty or give me death!” Debate over representation Colonists demanded actual representation (representatives would be sent to London to sit in Parliament) Felt until this occurred that they shouldn’t have to pay taxes “No taxation w/o representation” Parliament believed in virtual representation (colonists interests were represented by Parliament as it was) Effects The American republic stood as a symbol of freedom to both Europe & Latin America The United States Constitution created the most liberal government of its time & other nations would copy the ideas in that document The success of the American Revolution inspired major global changes as people in Latin America & Europe challenged the power of absolute monarchs French Revolution Absolute Monarchy a) Citizens were denied basic rights & a voice in the government Social Inequality France was divided into 3 Estates First Estate- clergy (held enormous wealth, were exempt from paying taxes, and enjoyed special rights & privileges) Second Estate- nobles Third Estate- 98% of French population; diverse group- bourgeoisie (middle class), poor urban workers, rural peasants. All resented the rights & privileges of the upper class & the large tax burden. Grew increasingly discontent Economic Injustices Government was bankrupt by late 1780s; expenses more than revenue Costly wars only increased financial problems in France; 50% of budget paid interest only on the national debt Enlightenment Philosophes were highly critical of French government & demanded democratic reforms Felt it was unjust for 1st & 2nd Estate to exploit the 3rd Estate English & American Examples England’s Glorious Revolution proved that people could challenge the existing authority & overthrow an absolute monarch American fight for liberty & equality inspired the Third Estate in France Democratic Ideals Spread by conquests of Napoleon People wanted liberty from absolute monarchs & unjust governments Pursued equality by opposing social inequality & injustice Worked together for a common cause Nationalism Conquests of Napoleon inspired feelings of national pride Replaced earlier loyalty to local authority & the monarch

Neo-classical Art Jacques Louis David
French painter known for his classicism and his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution 1775 he went to Rome and became a proponent of the Neoclassical style Studied the work of 17th-century painters like Caravaggio Among his subjects were classical, historical, and mythological themes Became the unchallenged painter of the French Revolution, and later was appointed official portraitist to Napoleon Jacques Louis David Brief Biography French painter known for his classicism and his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution a) Was the virtual art dictator of France for a generation 1775 he went to Rome and became a proponent of the Neoclassical style Studied the work of 17th-century painters like Caravaggio Among his subjects were classical, historical, and mythological themes a) Was also a great portraitist Became the unchallenged painter of the French Revolution, and later was appointed official portraitist to Napoleon His influence determined the course of fashion, furniture design, and interior decoration

Neo-classical Art Jacques Louis David Oath of Horatii
Paintings & Painting Style Oath of Horatii (1784) Depicts the Roman salute (Arm extended w/palm down) Theme of the painting has an extreme patriotic and neoclassical perspective; it later became a model work for future painters Painting enlarged David's fame and allowed him to teach his own students painting depicts the Roman Horatii (male triplets on left side) destined to wage war against the "Curiatii” As revolution in France loomed, paintings urging loyalty to the state rather than to clan or clergy abounded. Although it was painted nearly five years before the revolution in France, the Oath of the Horatii became one of the defining images of the time Three brothers express their loyalty and solidarity with republican Rome before battle, wholly supported by their father (center) Willing to lay down their lives out of patriotic duty Mothers & sisters (right side) are shown clothed in silken garments seemingly melting into tender expressions of sorrow Despair is partly explained by the fact that one sister was engaged to one of the Curiatii and another is a sister of the Curiatii, married to one of the Horatii Woman in white is a Horatii sister weeping for both her fiancée and her brother Woman in brown is a Curiatii sister who weeps for her husband and her brother Woman in black in the back is holding two children of one of the Horatii husband and the Curiatii wife Painting is a neoclassical work for 8 reasons (1) the background is deemphasized, to show that the foreground is more important (2) The figures are emphasized to show the importance (3) David uses dull colors to show that the importance of the painting is not the painting itself, but the story behind it (4) There is clear organization, the symbolism of the number three and the moment itself (5) There is only clear, hard details and no wispy brushstrokes (6) The brushstrokes are invisible showing that the painting is more important compared to the artist (7) The frozen quality of the painting gives it the feeling that it’s rational unlike the Rococo style. The only emotion is shown is from the women (typically) (8) The fact that it also depicts a morally complex or disturbing story lends to its classification as a neoclassical work

Oath of Horatii Painting is a neoclassical work for 8 reasons
(1) the background is deemphasized, to show that the foreground is more important (2) The figures are emphasized to show the importance (3) David uses dull colors to show that the importance of the painting is not the painting itself, but the story behind it (4) There is clear organization, the symbolism of the number three and the moment itself (5) There is only clear, hard details and no wispy brushstrokes (6) The brushstrokes are invisible showing that the painting is more important compared to the artist (7) The frozen quality of the painting gives it the feeling that it’s rational unlike the Rococo style. The only emotion is shown is from the women (typically) (8) The fact that it also depicts a morally complex or disturbing story lends to its classification as a neoclassical work

Neo-classical Art Jacques Louis David Death of Socrates
Condemned to death, Socrates, strong, calm and at peace, discusses the immortality of the soul Plato (not present when Socrates died) is depicted as an old man seated at the end of the bed Theme is of doing one’s duty; despite it outcomes Jacques Louis David Paintings & Painting Style Death of Socrates (1787) Condemned to death, Socrates, strong, calm and at peace, discusses the immortality of the soul Surrounded by his grieving friends and students, he is teaching, philosophizing, and in fact, thanking the God of Health, Asclepius, for the hemlock brew which will insure a peaceful death Wife of Socrates can be seen grieving alone outside the chamber, dismissed for her weakness Plato (not present when Socrates died) is depicted as an old man seated at the end of the bed Theme is of doing one’s duty; despite it outcomes

The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons French Revolution was underway before 1789 Salon opened Royal court did not want propaganda agitating the people, so all paintings had to be checked before being hung When the newspapers reported that the government had not allowed the showing of The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, the people were outraged, and the royals gave in The painting was hung in the exhibition, protected by art students Painting depicts Lucius Junius Brutus, the Roman leader, grieving for his sons Painting was a Republican symbol, and obviously had immense meaning during these times in France. Jacques Louis David Paintings & Painting Style The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons (1789) French Revolution was underway before 1789 Salon opened National Assembly had already formed & the Bastille had fallen Royal court did not want propaganda agitating the people, so all paintings had to be checked before being hung When the newspapers reported that the government had not allowed the showing of The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, the people were outraged, and the royals gave in The painting was hung in the exhibition, protected by art students Painting depicts Lucius Junius Brutus, the Roman leader, grieving for his sons Brutus's sons had attempted to overthrow the government and restore the monarchy, so the father ordered their death to maintain the republic Brutus was the heroic defender of the republic, at the cost of his own family On the right, the Mother holds her two daughters, and the grandmother is seen on the far right, in anguish Brutus sits on the left, alone, brooding, but knowing what he did was best for his country Painting was a Republican symbol, and obviously had immense meaning during these times in France.

Neo-classical Art Jacques Louis David Paintings & Painting Style
The French Revolution Death of Marat Jacques Louis David Paintings & Painting Style The French Revolution Supported the Revolution at the beginning & was a Jacobin & friend with Robespierre Possibly stayed behind because of his love for republican government & began working on propaganda for the new regime The Death of Marat (1793) One of the most famous images of the French Revolution Depicts the 1793 assassination of Jean-Paul Marat, the writer of the radical newspaper The Friend of the People and a prominent member of the Jacobin faction during the Reign of Terror Marat was stabbed while writing in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a supporter of the more moderate Girondist faction Marat often sought the comfort of a cool bath due to a skin disease said to have been contracted years earlier, when he was forced to hide from his enemies in the Paris sewers. More recent examination of Marat's symptoms has led to the assertion that Marat's skin eruptions came not from a disease contracted in the Paris sewers but from celiac disease, an allergy to gluten, found most commonly in wheat David was a close friend of Marat, as well as a strong supporter of Robespierre and the Jacobins David not only organized a lavish funeral for Marat, but painted The Death of Marat soon afterwards The painting was complete and presented to the National Convention less than four months after Marat's death It is generally considered among the best of David's work Painting has often been compared to Michelangelo's Pietà; note, in particular, the elongated arm hanging down in both works similarities may be deliberate; David sought to transfer the sacred qualities long associated with the monarchy and the Catholic Church to the new Republic Consequently, David painted Marat in a style reminicent of a Christian martyr, with the face and body bathed in a soft, glowing light Figure of Marat himself is idealized--for example, none of the skin problems from which Marat suffered are evident in David's depiction--the details that surround the subject are largely true-to-life. David had visited Marat the day before his assassination and remembered seeing the sheet, the green rug, the papers, and the pen. The name of the assassin, Charlotte Corday, can be seen on the paper held in Marat's left hand

Death of Marat One of the most famous images of the French Revolution
Depicts the 1793 assassination of Jean-Paul Marat, the writer of the radical newspaper The Friend of the People and a prominent member of the Jacobin faction during the Reign of Terror David was a close friend of Marat, as well as a strong supporter of Robespierre and the Jacobins The painting was complete and presented to the National Convention less than four months after Marat's death It is generally considered among the best of David's work Painting has often been compared to Michelangelo's Pietà; note, in particular, the elongated arm hanging down in both works similarities may be deliberate; David sought to transfer the sacred qualities long associated with the monarchy and the Catholic Church to the new Republic Figure of Marat himself is idealized--for example, none of the skin problems from which Marat suffered are evident in David's depiction--the details that surround the subject are largely true-to-life.

Intervention of the Sabine Women David was jailed after the Thermidorian Reaction & painted this after being visited by his wife Painted to honor his wife; theme is love prevailing over conflict Painting was also seen as a plea for the people to reunite after the bloodshed of the revolution Work also brought him to the attention of Napoleon Jacques Louis David Paintings & Painting Style Intervention of the Sabine Women David was jailed after the Thermidorian Reaction & painted this after being visited by his wife Painted to honor his wife; theme is love prevailing over conflict Painting was also seen as a plea for the people to reunite after the bloodshed of the revolution Work also brought him to the attention of Napoleon When he was finally released to the country, France had changed. His wife managed to get David released from prison, and he wrote letters to his former wife, and told her he never ceased loving her. He remarried her in 1796

Neo-classical Art Jacques Louis David Paintings & Painting Style
Napoleon Napoleon Crossing the Alps Jacques Louis David Paintings & Painting Style Napoleon David had been an admirer of Napoleon from their first meeting, struck by the then-General Bonaparte's classical features Napoleon Crossing the Alps After Napoleon's successful coup d'etat in 1799, as First Consul he commissioned David to commemorate his daring crossing of the Alps The crossing of the St. Bernard Pass had allowed the French to surprise the Austrian army and win victory at the Battle of Marengo on June Although Napoleon had crossed the Alps on a mule, he requested that he be "portrayed calm upon a fiery horse" After the proclamation of the Empire in 1804, David became the official court painter of the regime After the Bourbons returned to power, David was on the list of proscribed former revolutionaries and Bonapartists, as during the French Revolution, he had voted for the execution of Louis XVI, the older brother of the new King, Louis XVIII. Louis XVIII, however, granted David amnesty and even offered David a position as a court painter. David refused this offer, preferring instead to seek a self-imposed exile in Brussels

Napoleon crossing the alps
David had been an admirer of Napoleon from their first meeting, struck by the then-General Bonaparte's classical features Napoleon Crossing the Alps After Napoleon's successful coup d'etat in 1799, as First Consul he commissioned David to commemorate his daring crossing of the Alps After the proclamation of the Empire in 1804, David became the official court painter of the regime After the Bourbons returned to power, David was on the list of proscribed former revolutionaries and Bonapartists, as during the French Revolution, he had voted for the execution of Louis XVI, the older brother of the new King, Louis XVIII. Louis XVIII, however, granted David amnesty and even offered David a position as a court painter. David refused this offer, preferring instead to seek a self-imposed exile in Brussels

Neo-classical Art Thomas Jefferson
Third president of the United States and one of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence Best remembered as a champion of human rights and the lead draftsman of the Declaration of Independence High points of his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon and the exploration of the west by Lewis and Clark Became increasingly obsessed with founding a new institution of higher learning free of church influences where students could specialize in many new areas not offered at other universities His dream was realized in 1819, with the founding of the University of Virginia. Upon its opening in 1825, it was then the first university to offer a full slate of elective courses to its students Thomas Jefferson Brief Biography Third president of the United States and one of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence Biographer James Parton said Thomas Jefferson could "calculate an eclipse, survey an estate, tie an artery, plan an edifice, try a cause, break a horse, dance a minuet, and play the violin.“ Best remembered as a champion of human rights and the lead draftsman of the Declaration of Independence High points of his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon and the exploration of the west by Lewis and Clark\\ After leaving the Presidency, Jefferson continued to be active in public affairs Became increasingly obsessed with founding a new institution of higher learning free of church influences where students could specialize in many new areas not offered at other universities His dream was realized in 1819, with the founding of the University of Virginia. Upon its opening in 1825, it was then the first university to offer a full slate of elective courses to its students Epitaph: HERE WAS BURIED THOMAS JEFFERSON AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE OF THE STATUTE OF VIRGINIA FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND FATHER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

Neo-classical Art Architectural Style Influence of Andrea Palladio
Accomplished architect who was extremely influential in bringing the Neo-Palladian style to the United States European style of architecture derived from the designs of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio Style was associated with Enlightenment ideas of republican civic virtue and political liberty Greek & Roman Influence Influence of Andrea Palladio Palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting If on a hill, such as Villa Capra, all facades were designed to be of equal value so that occupants could have fine views in all directions Porticos were built on all sides so that occupants could fully appreciate the countryside while being protected from the sun, similar to many American style porches of today Thomas Jefferson Architectural Style Accomplished architect who was extremely influential in bringing the Neo-Palladian style to the United States European style of architecture derived from the designs of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio Style was associated with Enlightenment ideas of republican civic virtue and political liberty Greek & Roman Influence a) Columns & arches Influence of Andrea Palladio Palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting If on a hill, such as Villa Capra, all facades were designed to be of equal value so that occupants could have fine views in all directions Porticos were built on all sides so that occupants could fully appreciate the countryside while being protected from the sun, similar to many American style porches of today Proportions of each room within the villa were calculated on simple mathematical ratios like 3:4 and 4:5, and the different rooms within the house were interrelated by these ratios

Neo-classical Art Thomas Jefferson Architectural Style Monticello
Designed his home near Charlottesville, Virginia Situated on the summit of an 850-foot-high peak; Monticello, in Italian, means "little mountain." Original main entrance is through the portico on the east front. The ceiling of this portico incorporates a dial connected to a weather vane, showing the direction of the wind large clock face on the external east-facing wall has only an hour hand since Jefferson thought this was accurate enough for outdoor laborers Clock reflects the time shown on the "Great Clock" (designed by Jefferson) in the entrance hall. The entrance hall contains articles collected by Lewis and Clark on their famous expedition. The floorcloth here is painted grass green, since Jefferson wanted it to feel as if he were still in the outdoors when he walked in the door. As famous and "larger than life" as Monticello seems, the house itself is actually no larger than a typical large home Jefferson considered much furniture to be a waste of space, so the dining room table was erected only at mealtimes, and beds were built into alcoves cut into thick walls that contain storage space. Jefferson's bed opens to two sides: to his cabinet (study) and to his bedroom (dressing room) House included automatic doors, the first swivel chair, and other convenient devices invented by Jefferson

Neo-classical Art

Neo-classical Art Thomas Jefferson University of Virginia
Jefferson's original architectural design revolves around The Lawn, a grand, terraced green-space surrounded by residential and academic buildings Called it the "Academic Village“ Name remains in use today to describe both the specific area of the Lawn and the larger University surrounding it Principal building of the design, The Rotunda stands at the north end of the Lawn, and is the most recognizable symbol of the University Half the height of the Pantheon in Rome, which was the primary inspiration for the building Thomas Jefferson Architectural Style University of Virginia Jefferson's original architectural design revolves around The Lawn, a grand, terraced green-space surrounded by residential and academic buildings Called it the "Academic Village“ Name remains in use today to describe both the specific area of the Lawn and the larger University surrounding it Principal building of the design, The Rotunda stands at the north end of the Lawn, and is the most recognizable symbol of the University Half the height of the Pantheon in Rome, which was the primary inspiration for the building

Neo-classical Art

Neo-classical Art On October 27, 1895, the Rotunda burned to the ground with the unfortunate help of overzealous faculty member William "Reddy" Echols, who attempted to save it by throwing roughly 100 pounds of dynamite into the main fire in the hopes that the blast would separate the burning Annex from the main building. His last-ditch effort ultimately failed. University officials swiftly approached celebrity architect Stanford White to rebuild the Rotunda. White took the charge further, redesigning the Rotunda interior — making it two floors instead of three, adding three buildings to the foot of the Lawn, and designing a President's House. He did omit rebuilding the Rotunda Annex, which had been built in 1853 to house classroom space. The classes formerly occupying the annex were now moved to the South Lawn in White's new buildings. In concert with the United States Bicentennial in 1976, Stanford White's changes to the Rotunda were removed and the building was returned to Jefferson's original design. Renovated according to original sketches and historical photographs, a three-story Rotunda opened on Jefferson's birthday, April 13, 1976.

Neo-classical Art

Neo-classical Art Thomas Jefferson Virginia Capital Building
Jefferson is also credited with the architectural design of the Virginia State Capitol building Modeled after the Maison Carrée at Nîmes in southern France, an ancient Roman temple Thomas Jefferson Architectural Style Virginia State Capitol a) Jefferson is also credited with the architectural design of the Virginia State Capitol building b) Modeled after the Maison Carrée at Nîmes in southern France, an ancient Roman temple

Neo-classical Art Thomas Jefferson US Capitol
Designed by Benjamin H. Latrobe; influenced by Thomas Jefferson Built in the Federal style of architectural design Inspired by the Roman Republic Characteristics include shallow arches, slender proportions, delicate decoration, and symmetry; entrances are often framed by columns and pediments, with a fanlight over the door Another example of the Federal style is the Lawn at the University of Virginia Thomas Jefferson Architectural Style US Capitol Designed by Benjamin H. Latrobe; influenced by Thomas Jefferson Built in the Federal style of architectural design Inspired by the Roman Republic Characteristics include shallow arches, slender proportions, delicate decoration, and symmetry; entrances are often framed by columns and pediments, with a fanlight over the door Another example of the Federal style is the Lawn at the University of Virginia

Neo-classical Drama Satire
Term applied to any work of literature, art, or theatre whose objective is ridicule Often will ridicule human vice (immoral practice or habit) or folly (foolish act) Mode of challenging accepted notions by making them seem ridiculous. It usually occurs only in an age of when there exists no absolute uniformity but rather two sets of beliefs. Of the two sets of beliefs, one holds sufficient power to suppress open attacks on the established order, but not enough to suppress a veiled attack. Greatest satirists emerged with the Enlightenment, which advocated rationality. Here, astute and biting satire of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon Satire Term applied to any work of literature, art, or theatre whose objective is ridicule 1. Often will ridicule human vice (immoral practice or habit) or folly (foolish act) Mode of challenging accepted notions by making them seem ridiculous. It usually occurs only in an age of when there exists no absolute uniformity but rather two sets of beliefs. Of the two sets of beliefs, one holds sufficient power to suppress open attacks on the established order, but not enough to suppress a veiled attack. Greatest satirists emerged with the Enlightenment, which advocated rationality. Here, astute and biting satire of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon Best known satirical play from this era is “The Beggar’s Opera” A ballad opera, a satiric play using some of the conventions of opera, but without the recitative Written by John Gay Play took aim at the passionate interest of the upper classes in Italian opera, and simultaneously set out to lampoon the notable Whig statesman Robert Walpole First Prime Minister of England under George I Centered around a supposed bribery scandal he was involved in

Neo-classical Drama Satire The Beggar’s Opera
Best known satirical play from this era is “The Beggar’s Opera” A ballad opera, a satiric play using some of the conventions of opera, but without the recitative Written by John Gay Play took aim at the passionate interest of the upper classes in Italian opera, and simultaneously set out to lampoon the notable Whig statesman Robert Walpole First Prime Minister of England under George I Centered around a supposed bribery scandal he was involved in Satire Term applied to any work of literature, art, or theatre whose objective is ridicule 1. Often will ridicule human vice (immoral practice or habit) or folly (foolish act) Mode of challenging accepted notions by making them seem ridiculous. It usually occurs only in an age of when there exists no absolute uniformity but rather two sets of beliefs. Of the two sets of beliefs, one holds sufficient power to suppress open attacks on the established order, but not enough to suppress a veiled attack. Greatest satirists emerged with the Enlightenment, which advocated rationality. Here, astute and biting satire of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon Best known satirical play from this era is “The Beggar’s Opera” A ballad opera, a satiric play using some of the conventions of opera, but without the recitative Written by John Gay Play took aim at the passionate interest of the upper classes in Italian opera, and simultaneously set out to lampoon the notable Whig statesman Robert Walpole First Prime Minister of England under George I Centered around a supposed bribery scandal he was involved in

Neo-classical Music Mozart Brief Biography
Often seen as greatest composer of the classical style Started writing music around age of 6 (alternated composing w/ performing) He traveled around Europe exposed him to the musical style of his day & he eagerly adapted them into his own works Spent 9 years as court musician for the archbishop of Salzburg; resented the post because of it low social position Spent last decade of his life as a free-lance musician in Vienna; died in 1791 in extreme poverty Mozart Brief Biography Often seen as greatest composer of the classical style Started writing music around age of 6 (alternated composing w/ performing) Travels around Europe exposed him to the musical style of his day & he eagerly adapted them into his own works Spent 9 years as court musician for the archbishop of Salzburg; resented the post because of it low social position Spent last decade of his life as a free-lance musician in Vienna; died in 1791 in extreme poverty a. Left a huge body of music that is still adored by many Musical Compositions Wrote over 50 symphonies, most in sonata form Reflected Enlightenment ideals of logic & symmetry Has two subjects rather than one like the Baroque Period First theme is vigorous & dynamic Second theme is quieter & lyrical First presentation is called an exposition; second stage is development (any & all material may be treated in a variety of ways); last stage is recapitulation (repeats material from exposition) Wrote all types of music Vocal works Religious (masses, oratorios) Dramatic works (operas, ballets Instrumental works Wrote for orchestras & small ensembles Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Written in 1787 in Vienna, while he was working on Don Giovanni It is not known why or for whom Mozart wrote this piece First movement is in Sonata Allegro form which aggressively ascends in a "rocket theme." It is one of the most recognized passages of music ever written to this day The second movement is a "Romanza". The movement is in Andante and is contrasting and slower than the first movement. It is in a "section rondo form" and is similar to the sonata rondo form (ABACA). The first theme (A) is graceful and lyrical. It is followed by the second theme (B) which is more rhythmical than the first. The first theme returns (A) and is followed by the third theme (C), which is darker than the first two themes and includes a touch of c minor. The first theme (A) returns to finish the movement The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) and is a more dance-like movement due to its time signature of 3/4, which is more commonly recognised as a waltz. Fairly quick with a tempo of Allegretto. It contains two themes, a minuet and a trio. The movement begins with the minuet (A), then the trio theme enters (B), and it ends with the minuet (A). The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This is the finale in Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and returns with the liveliness of the first movement. The movement alters between two main themes during the exposition. The two themes return in the recapitulation and finally ends in the coda, in which the first theme returns. Operas Don Giovanni Widely regarded as one of the greatest pieces of music ever composed In the original production the actors alternated between spoken recitative and sung aria Based on the legend of Don Juan (Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the omen of Don Juan's death) Revels his typical manner of composition (Busy shooting billiards on day of the premiere, yet said he completed the overture. It was complete in his head, wrote overture in mere hours & orchestra had to sight-read for the premiere as the ink dried) The Marriage of Figaro Comic opera (opera buffa) Based on the play The Marriage of Figaro by Peirre Beaumarchais Is the sequel to The Barber of Seville An opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in which the servant Figaro outwits his noble master, who is trying to seduce Figaro's fiancée Humor & musical texture made it one of the most popular operas in the world By allowing Figaro to outsmart his master, Mozart joins those who criticized the privileges of the upper classes & the injustices of their time The Magic Flute Mozart’s last opera; opera buffa Written in the form of a Singspiel (popular form which included both singing and spoken dialogue) ****When he died he said, of his Requiem Mass, “I was writing this for myself.”

Neo-classical Music Mozart Musical Compositions
Wrote over 50 symphonies, most in sonata form Reflected Enlightenment ideals of logic & symmetry Has two subjects rather than one like the Baroque Period First theme is vigorous & dynamic Second theme is quieter & lyrical First presentation is called an exposition; second stage is development (any & all material may be treated in a variety of ways); last stage is recapitulation (repeats material from exposition) Mozart Brief Biography Often seen as greatest composer of the classical style Started writing music around age of 6 (alternated composing w/ performing) Travels around Europe exposed him to the musical style of his day & he eagerly adapted them into his own works Spent 9 years as court musician for the archbishop of Salzburg; resented the post because of it low social position Spent last decade of his life as a free-lance musician in Vienna; died in 1791 in extreme poverty a. Left a huge body of music that is still adored by many Musical Compositions Wrote over 50 symphonies, most in sonata form Reflected Enlightenment ideals of logic & symmetry Has two subjects rather than one like the Baroque Period First theme is vigorous & dynamic Second theme is quieter & lyrical First presentation is called an exposition; second stage is development (any & all material may be treated in a variety of ways); last stage is recapitulation (repeats material from exposition) Wrote all types of music Vocal works Religious (masses, oratorios) Dramatic works (operas, ballets Instrumental works Wrote for orchestras & small ensembles Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Written in 1787 in Vienna, while he was working on Don Giovanni It is not known why or for whom Mozart wrote this piece First movement is in Sonata Allegro form which aggressively ascends in a "rocket theme." It is one of the most recognized passages of music ever written to this day The second movement is a "Romanza". The movement is in Andante and is contrasting and slower than the first movement. It is in a "section rondo form" and is similar to the sonata rondo form (ABACA). The first theme (A) is graceful and lyrical. It is followed by the second theme (B) which is more rhythmical than the first. The first theme returns (A) and is followed by the third theme (C), which is darker than the first two themes and includes a touch of c minor. The first theme (A) returns to finish the movement The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) and is a more dance-like movement due to its time signature of 3/4, which is more commonly recognised as a waltz. Fairly quick with a tempo of Allegretto. It contains two themes, a minuet and a trio. The movement begins with the minuet (A), then the trio theme enters (B), and it ends with the minuet (A). The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This is the finale in Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and returns with the liveliness of the first movement. The movement alters between two main themes during the exposition. The two themes return in the recapitulation and finally ends in the coda, in which the first theme returns. Operas Don Giovanni Widely regarded as one of the greatest pieces of music ever composed In the original production the actors alternated between spoken recitative and sung aria Based on the legend of Don Juan (Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the omen of Don Juan's death) Revels his typical manner of composition (Busy shooting billiards on day of the premiere, yet said he completed the overture. It was complete in his head, wrote overture in mere hours & orchestra had to sight-read for the premiere as the ink dried) The Marriage of Figaro Comic opera (opera buffa) Based on the play The Marriage of Figaro by Peirre Beaumarchais Is the sequel to The Barber of Seville An opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in which the servant Figaro outwits his noble master, who is trying to seduce Figaro's fiancée Humor & musical texture made it one of the most popular operas in the world By allowing Figaro to outsmart his master, Mozart joins those who criticized the privileges of the upper classes & the injustices of their time The Magic Flute Mozart’s last opera; opera buffa Written in the form of a Singspiel (popular form which included both singing and spoken dialogue) ****When he died he said, of his Requiem Mass, “I was writing this for myself.”

Neo-classical Music Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Written in 1787 in Vienna, while he was working on Don Giovanni It is not known why or for whom Mozart wrote this piece First movement is in Sonata Allegro form which aggressively ascends in a "rocket theme." It is one of the most recognized passages of music ever written to this day The second movement is a "Romanza". The movement is in Andante and is contrasting and slower than the first movement. It is in a "section rondo form" and is similar to the sonata rondo form (ABACA). The first theme (A) is graceful and lyrical. It is followed by the second theme (B) which is more rhythmical than the first. The first theme returns (A) and is followed by the third theme (C), which is darker than the first two themes and includes a touch of c minor. The first theme (A) returns to finish the movement The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) and is a more dance-like movement due to its time signature of 3/4, which is more commonly recognised as a waltz. Fairly quick with a tempo of Allegretto. It contains two themes, a minuet and a trio. The movement begins with the minuet (A), then the trio theme enters (B), and it ends with the minuet (A). The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This is the finale in Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and returns with the liveliness of the first movement. The movement alters between two main themes during the exposition. The two themes return in the recapitulation and finally ends in the coda, in which the first theme returns. Mozart Brief Biography Often seen as greatest composer of the classical style Started writing music around age of 6 (alternated composing w/ performing) Travels around Europe exposed him to the musical style of his day & he eagerly adapted them into his own works Spent 9 years as court musician for the archbishop of Salzburg; resented the post because of it low social position Spent last decade of his life as a free-lance musician in Vienna; died in 1791 in extreme poverty a. Left a huge body of music that is still adored by many Musical Compositions Wrote over 50 symphonies, most in sonata form Reflected Enlightenment ideals of logic & symmetry Has two subjects rather than one like the Baroque Period First theme is vigorous & dynamic Second theme is quieter & lyrical First presentation is called an exposition; second stage is development (any & all material may be treated in a variety of ways); last stage is recapitulation (repeats material from exposition) Wrote all types of music Vocal works Religious (masses, oratorios) Dramatic works (operas, ballets Instrumental works Wrote for orchestras & small ensembles Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Written in 1787 in Vienna, while he was working on Don Giovanni It is not known why or for whom Mozart wrote this piece First movement is in Sonata Allegro form which aggressively ascends in a "rocket theme." It is one of the most recognized passages of music ever written to this day The second movement is a "Romanza". The movement is in Andante and is contrasting and slower than the first movement. It is in a "section rondo form" and is similar to the sonata rondo form (ABACA). The first theme (A) is graceful and lyrical. It is followed by the second theme (B) which is more rhythmical than the first. The first theme returns (A) and is followed by the third theme (C), which is darker than the first two themes and includes a touch of c minor. The first theme (A) returns to finish the movement The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) and is a more dance-like movement due to its time signature of 3/4, which is more commonly recognised as a waltz. Fairly quick with a tempo of Allegretto. It contains two themes, a minuet and a trio. The movement begins with the minuet (A), then the trio theme enters (B), and it ends with the minuet (A). The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This is the finale in Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and returns with the liveliness of the first movement. The movement alters between two main themes during the exposition. The two themes return in the recapitulation and finally ends in the coda, in which the first theme returns. Operas Don Giovanni Widely regarded as one of the greatest pieces of music ever composed In the original production the actors alternated between spoken recitative and sung aria Based on the legend of Don Juan (Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the omen of Don Juan's death) Revels his typical manner of composition (Busy shooting billiards on day of the premiere, yet said he completed the overture. It was complete in his head, wrote overture in mere hours & orchestra had to sight-read for the premiere as the ink dried) The Marriage of Figaro Comic opera (opera buffa) Based on the play The Marriage of Figaro by Peirre Beaumarchais Is the sequel to The Barber of Seville An opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in which the servant Figaro outwits his noble master, who is trying to seduce Figaro's fiancée Humor & musical texture made it one of the most popular operas in the world By allowing Figaro to outsmart his master, Mozart joins those who criticized the privileges of the upper classes & the injustices of their time The Magic Flute Mozart’s last opera; opera buffa Written in the form of a Singspiel (popular form which included both singing and spoken dialogue) ****When he died he said, of his Requiem Mass, “I was writing this for myself.”

Neo-classical Music Operas Don Giovanni
Widely regarded as one of the greatest pieces of music ever composed In the original production the actors alternated between spoken recitative and sung aria Based on the legend of Don Juan (Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the omen of Don Juan's death) Revels his typical manner of composition (Busy shooting billiards on day of the premiere, yet said he completed the overture. It was complete in his head, wrote overture in mere hours & orchestra had to sight-read for the premiere as the ink dried) Mozart Brief Biography Often seen as greatest composer of the classical style Started writing music around age of 6 (alternated composing w/ performing) Travels around Europe exposed him to the musical style of his day & he eagerly adapted them into his own works Spent 9 years as court musician for the archbishop of Salzburg; resented the post because of it low social position Spent last decade of his life as a free-lance musician in Vienna; died in 1791 in extreme poverty a. Left a huge body of music that is still adored by many Musical Compositions Wrote over 50 symphonies, most in sonata form Reflected Enlightenment ideals of logic & symmetry Has two subjects rather than one like the Baroque Period First theme is vigorous & dynamic Second theme is quieter & lyrical First presentation is called an exposition; second stage is development (any & all material may be treated in a variety of ways); last stage is recapitulation (repeats material from exposition) Wrote all types of music Vocal works Religious (masses, oratorios) Dramatic works (operas, ballets Instrumental works Wrote for orchestras & small ensembles Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Written in 1787 in Vienna, while he was working on Don Giovanni It is not known why or for whom Mozart wrote this piece First movement is in Sonata Allegro form which aggressively ascends in a "rocket theme." It is one of the most recognized passages of music ever written to this day The second movement is a "Romanza". The movement is in Andante and is contrasting and slower than the first movement. It is in a "section rondo form" and is similar to the sonata rondo form (ABACA). The first theme (A) is graceful and lyrical. It is followed by the second theme (B) which is more rhythmical than the first. The first theme returns (A) and is followed by the third theme (C), which is darker than the first two themes and includes a touch of c minor. The first theme (A) returns to finish the movement The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) and is a more dance-like movement due to its time signature of 3/4, which is more commonly recognised as a waltz. Fairly quick with a tempo of Allegretto. It contains two themes, a minuet and a trio. The movement begins with the minuet (A), then the trio theme enters (B), and it ends with the minuet (A). The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This is the finale in Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and returns with the liveliness of the first movement. The movement alters between two main themes during the exposition. The two themes return in the recapitulation and finally ends in the coda, in which the first theme returns. Operas Don Giovanni Widely regarded as one of the greatest pieces of music ever composed In the original production the actors alternated between spoken recitative and sung aria Based on the legend of Don Juan (Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the omen of Don Juan's death) Revels his typical manner of composition (Busy shooting billiards on day of the premiere, yet said he completed the overture. It was complete in his head, wrote overture in mere hours & orchestra had to sight-read for the premiere as the ink dried) The Marriage of Figaro Comic opera (opera buffa) Based on the play The Marriage of Figaro by Peirre Beaumarchais Is the sequel to The Barber of Seville An opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in which the servant Figaro outwits his noble master, who is trying to seduce Figaro's fiancée Humor & musical texture made it one of the most popular operas in the world By allowing Figaro to outsmart his master, Mozart joins those who criticized the privileges of the upper classes & the injustices of their time The Magic Flute Mozart’s last opera; opera buffa Written in the form of a Singspiel (popular form which included both singing and spoken dialogue) ****When he died he said, of his Requiem Mass, “I was writing this for myself.”

Neo-classical Music Operas The Marriage of Figaro
Comic opera (opera buffa) Based on the play The Marriage of Figaro by Peirre Beaumarchais Is the sequel to The Barber of Seville An opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in which the servant Figaro outwits his noble master, who is trying to seduce Figaro's fiancée Humor & musical texture made it one of the most popular operas in the world By allowing Figaro to outsmart his master, Mozart joins those who criticized the privileges of the upper classes & the injustices of their time Mozart Brief Biography Often seen as greatest composer of the classical style Started writing music around age of 6 (alternated composing w/ performing) Travels around Europe exposed him to the musical style of his day & he eagerly adapted them into his own works Spent 9 years as court musician for the archbishop of Salzburg; resented the post because of it low social position Spent last decade of his life as a free-lance musician in Vienna; died in 1791 in extreme poverty a. Left a huge body of music that is still adored by many Musical Compositions Wrote over 50 symphonies, most in sonata form Reflected Enlightenment ideals of logic & symmetry Has two subjects rather than one like the Baroque Period First theme is vigorous & dynamic Second theme is quieter & lyrical First presentation is called an exposition; second stage is development (any & all material may be treated in a variety of ways); last stage is recapitulation (repeats material from exposition) Wrote all types of music Vocal works Religious (masses, oratorios) Dramatic works (operas, ballets Instrumental works Wrote for orchestras & small ensembles Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Written in 1787 in Vienna, while he was working on Don Giovanni It is not known why or for whom Mozart wrote this piece First movement is in Sonata Allegro form which aggressively ascends in a "rocket theme." It is one of the most recognized passages of music ever written to this day The second movement is a "Romanza". The movement is in Andante and is contrasting and slower than the first movement. It is in a "section rondo form" and is similar to the sonata rondo form (ABACA). The first theme (A) is graceful and lyrical. It is followed by the second theme (B) which is more rhythmical than the first. The first theme returns (A) and is followed by the third theme (C), which is darker than the first two themes and includes a touch of c minor. The first theme (A) returns to finish the movement The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) and is a more dance-like movement due to its time signature of 3/4, which is more commonly recognised as a waltz. Fairly quick with a tempo of Allegretto. It contains two themes, a minuet and a trio. The movement begins with the minuet (A), then the trio theme enters (B), and it ends with the minuet (A). The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This is the finale in Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and returns with the liveliness of the first movement. The movement alters between two main themes during the exposition. The two themes return in the recapitulation and finally ends in the coda, in which the first theme returns. Operas Don Giovanni Widely regarded as one of the greatest pieces of music ever composed In the original production the actors alternated between spoken recitative and sung aria Based on the legend of Don Juan (Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the omen of Don Juan's death) Revels his typical manner of composition (Busy shooting billiards on day of the premiere, yet said he completed the overture. It was complete in his head, wrote overture in mere hours & orchestra had to sight-read for the premiere as the ink dried) The Marriage of Figaro Comic opera (opera buffa) Based on the play The Marriage of Figaro by Peirre Beaumarchais Is the sequel to The Barber of Seville An opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in which the servant Figaro outwits his noble master, who is trying to seduce Figaro's fiancée Humor & musical texture made it one of the most popular operas in the world By allowing Figaro to outsmart his master, Mozart joins those who criticized the privileges of the upper classes & the injustices of their time The Magic Flute Mozart’s last opera; opera buffa Written in the form of a Singspiel (popular form which included both singing and spoken dialogue) ****When he died he said, of his Requiem Mass, “I was writing this for myself.”

Neo-classical Music Operas The Magic Flute
Mozart’s last opera; opera buffa Written in the form of a Singspiel (popular form which included both singing and spoken dialogue) Mozart Brief Biography Often seen as greatest composer of the classical style Started writing music around age of 6 (alternated composing w/ performing) Travels around Europe exposed him to the musical style of his day & he eagerly adapted them into his own works Spent 9 years as court musician for the archbishop of Salzburg; resented the post because of it low social position Spent last decade of his life as a free-lance musician in Vienna; died in 1791 in extreme poverty a. Left a huge body of music that is still adored by many Musical Compositions Wrote over 50 symphonies, most in sonata form Reflected Enlightenment ideals of logic & symmetry Has two subjects rather than one like the Baroque Period First theme is vigorous & dynamic Second theme is quieter & lyrical First presentation is called an exposition; second stage is development (any & all material may be treated in a variety of ways); last stage is recapitulation (repeats material from exposition) Wrote all types of music Vocal works Religious (masses, oratorios) Dramatic works (operas, ballets Instrumental works Wrote for orchestras & small ensembles Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Written in 1787 in Vienna, while he was working on Don Giovanni It is not known why or for whom Mozart wrote this piece First movement is in Sonata Allegro form which aggressively ascends in a "rocket theme." It is one of the most recognized passages of music ever written to this day The second movement is a "Romanza". The movement is in Andante and is contrasting and slower than the first movement. It is in a "section rondo form" and is similar to the sonata rondo form (ABACA). The first theme (A) is graceful and lyrical. It is followed by the second theme (B) which is more rhythmical than the first. The first theme returns (A) and is followed by the third theme (C), which is darker than the first two themes and includes a touch of c minor. The first theme (A) returns to finish the movement The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) and is a more dance-like movement due to its time signature of 3/4, which is more commonly recognised as a waltz. Fairly quick with a tempo of Allegretto. It contains two themes, a minuet and a trio. The movement begins with the minuet (A), then the trio theme enters (B), and it ends with the minuet (A). The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This is the finale in Eine Kleine Nachtmusik and returns with the liveliness of the first movement. The movement alters between two main themes during the exposition. The two themes return in the recapitulation and finally ends in the coda, in which the first theme returns. Operas Don Giovanni Widely regarded as one of the greatest pieces of music ever composed In the original production the actors alternated between spoken recitative and sung aria Based on the legend of Don Juan (Fictional character famous as a heartless womanizer but also noted for his charm and courage. In Spanish legend, Don Juan was a licentious rogue who seduced a young girl of noble family and killed her father. Coming across a stone effigy of the father in a cemetery, he invited it home to dine with him, and the ghost of the father arrived for dinner as the omen of Don Juan's death) Revels his typical manner of composition (Busy shooting billiards on day of the premiere, yet said he completed the overture. It was complete in his head, wrote overture in mere hours & orchestra had to sight-read for the premiere as the ink dried) The Marriage of Figaro Comic opera (opera buffa) Based on the play The Marriage of Figaro by Peirre Beaumarchais Is the sequel to The Barber of Seville An opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in which the servant Figaro outwits his noble master, who is trying to seduce Figaro's fiancée Humor & musical texture made it one of the most popular operas in the world By allowing Figaro to outsmart his master, Mozart joins those who criticized the privileges of the upper classes & the injustices of their time The Magic Flute Mozart’s last opera; opera buffa Written in the form of a Singspiel (popular form which included both singing and spoken dialogue) ****When he died he said, of his Requiem Mass, “I was writing this for myself.”

Neo-classical Music Haydn
Widely regarded as the first master of the classical style & is largely responsible for the of the modern symphony Wrote 104 symphonies & they helped to define the standard 4 movement symphony Show Haydn’s inventiveness & sense of freedom as he experiments with a variety of moods & structures Also wrote 70 string quartets & 20 operas (rarely performed today, but very popular in his day) Second Movement in C uses form of Theme & Variation Theme was Haydn’s gift to Austrian people Austrian National Anthem (Austrian National Hymn) Haydn Brief Biography Widely regarded as the first master of the classical style & is largely responsible for the of the modern symphony Wrote 104 symphonies & they helped to define the standard 4 movement symphony Show Haydn’s inventiveness & sense of freedom as he experiments with a variety of moods & structures Also wrote 70 string quartets & 20 opera (rarely performed today, but very popular in his day) Second Movement in C uses form of Theme & Variation Theme was Haydn’s gift to Austrian people Austrian National Anthem (Austrian National Hymn) Musical Compositions Symphony No. 94 in G Major (1791) Haydn was well known for including jokes in his music, and the 'Surprise' Symphony includes what is probably the most famous one Jolting chord sounds near the beginning of the second movement after a relatively tranquil opening. Chord "disappears" as quickly as it arrives, and the music immediately returns to its original dynamic, as if nothing had happened.

Neo-classical Music Musical Compositions Symphony No. 94 in G Major
Haydn was well known for including jokes in his music, and the 'Surprise' Symphony includes what is probably the most famous one Jolting chord sounds near the beginning of the second movement after a relatively tranquil opening. Chord "disappears" as quickly as it arrives, and the music immediately returns to its original dynamic, as if nothing had happened. Haydn Brief Biography Widely regarded as the first master of the classical style & is largely responsible for the of the modern symphony Wrote 104 symphonies & they helped to define the standard 4 movement symphony Show Haydn’s inventiveness & sense of freedom as he experiments with a variety of moods & structures Also wrote 70 string quartets & 20 opera (rarely performed today, but very popular in his day) Second Movement in C uses form of Theme & Variation Theme was Haydn’s gift to Austrian people Austrian National Anthem (Austrian National Hymn) Musical Compositions Symphony No. 94 in G Major (1791) Haydn was well known for including jokes in his music, and the 'Surprise' Symphony includes what is probably the most famous one Jolting chord sounds near the beginning of the second movement after a relatively tranquil opening. Chord "disappears" as quickly as it arrives, and the music immediately returns to its original dynamic, as if nothing had happened.

Neo-classical Music Musical Compositions The Emperors Hymn
Written as the anthem to Francis II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and Austria The tune has been widely used in other classical works, Christian hymns, alma maters, and the German national anthem.

Neo-classical Music Beethoven
Other than Mozart, Beethoven is the most famous classical composer of the western world. He is remembered for his powerful and stormy compositions, and for continuing to compose and conduct even after he began to go deaf at age 28 (led him to contemplate suicide) Beethoven was often in poor health Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens Last words, “Friends applaud, the comedy is over.” Predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences. Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. Beethoven Brief Biography Other than Mozart, Beethoven is the most famous classical composer of the western world. He is remembered for his powerful and stormy compositions, and for continuing to compose and conduct even after he began to go deaf at age 28 (led him to contemplate suicide) Beethoven was often in poor health Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens Last words, “Friends applaud, the comedy is over.” Predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences. Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. Musical Compositions In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work Best work from this period is Moonlight Sonata Has 3 movements: Adagio sostenuto, Allegretto, & Presto agitato The work was very popular in Beethoven's day, to the point of exasperating the composer, who wrote "Surely I've written better things." The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music Fifth Symphony is most famous piece from this period Comprises four movements: an opening sonata allegro, an andante, and a fast scherzo which leads into the finale Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven's death in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms Most famous work from this period is his Ninth Symphony Hymn “Ode to Joy” is included in the 4th movement “Ode to Joy” is the anthem of the European Union

Neo-classical Music Musical Compositions
In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work Best work from this period is Moonlight Sonata Has 3 movements: Adagio sostenuto, Allegretto, & Presto agitato The work was very popular in Beethoven's day, to the point of exasperating the composer, who wrote "Surely I've written better things." Beethoven Brief Biography Other than Mozart, Beethoven is the most famous classical composer of the western world. He is remembered for his powerful and stormy compositions, and for continuing to compose and conduct even after he began to go deaf at age 28 (led him to contemplate suicide) Beethoven was often in poor health Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens Last words, “Friends applaud, the comedy is over.” Predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences. Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. Musical Compositions In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work Best work from this period is Moonlight Sonata Has 3 movements: Adagio sostenuto, Allegretto, & Presto agitato The work was very popular in Beethoven's day, to the point of exasperating the composer, who wrote "Surely I've written better things." The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music Fifth Symphony is most famous piece from this period Comprises four movements: an opening sonata allegro, an andante, and a fast scherzo which leads into the finale Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven's death in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms Most famous work from this period is his Ninth Symphony Hymn “Ode to Joy” is included in the 4th movement “Ode to Joy” is the anthem of the European Union

The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music Fifth Symphony is most famous piece from this period Comprises four movements: an opening sonata allegro, an andante, and a fast scherzo which leads into the finale Beethoven Brief Biography Other than Mozart, Beethoven is the most famous classical composer of the western world. He is remembered for his powerful and stormy compositions, and for continuing to compose and conduct even after he began to go deaf at age 28 (led him to contemplate suicide) Beethoven was often in poor health Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens Last words, “Friends applaud, the comedy is over.” Predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences. Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. Musical Compositions In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work Best work from this period is Moonlight Sonata Has 3 movements: Adagio sostenuto, Allegretto, & Presto agitato The work was very popular in Beethoven's day, to the point of exasperating the composer, who wrote "Surely I've written better things." The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music Fifth Symphony is most famous piece from this period Comprises four movements: an opening sonata allegro, an andante, and a fast scherzo which leads into the finale Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven's death in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms Most famous work from this period is his Ninth Symphony Hymn “Ode to Joy” is included in the 4th movement “Ode to Joy” is the anthem of the European Union

Neo-classical Music Musical Compositions Wellington’s Victory
Also called the Battle Symphony A minor 15 minute long orchestral piece written to commemorate the Duke of Wellington’s victory at the Battle of Vitoria Dedicated to the Prince Regent, later King George IV Although, it is very short this piece proved to be one of the biggest moneymakers for Beethoven

Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven's death in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms Most famous work from this period is his Ninth Symphony Hymn “Ode to Joy” is included in the 4th movement “Ode to Joy” is the anthem of the European Union Beethoven Brief Biography Other than Mozart, Beethoven is the most famous classical composer of the western world. He is remembered for his powerful and stormy compositions, and for continuing to compose and conduct even after he began to go deaf at age 28 (led him to contemplate suicide) Beethoven was often in poor health Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens Last words, “Friends applaud, the comedy is over.” Predominant figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences. Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods. Musical Compositions In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work Best work from this period is Moonlight Sonata Has 3 movements: Adagio sostenuto, Allegretto, & Presto agitato The work was very popular in Beethoven's day, to the point of exasperating the composer, who wrote "Surely I've written better things." The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music Fifth Symphony is most famous piece from this period Comprises four movements: an opening sonata allegro, an andante, and a fast scherzo which leads into the finale Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven's death in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms Most famous work from this period is his Ninth Symphony Hymn “Ode to Joy” is included in the 4th movement “Ode to Joy” is the anthem of the European Union

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