Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution 1700-1900
How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

Rock, Paper, Scissors – 25 Point Activity
1.) Play rock, paper, scissors with a partner. 2.) If you lose, you must forfeit (give up) a piece of candy to your partner. 3.) If you are all out of candy, you must sit down and watch. 4.) If you have won your match with your partner you will find another person that has won and play against them. (tournament) 5.) I will let you know when to stop.

Monday, March 31, 2014 -Get a glue stick and scissors! -Make a pocket -Make a cover page for today’s WOW: Chapter 9 Industrial Revolution Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society? R.A.P. #1 On pg. 280, write and answer the 3 geography questions for chapter 9 ______________W.I.O. What do you know about the industrial revolution? : Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

Which industry spurred the IR?
Tuesday, April 1, 2014 - Take out last night’s homework—to be checked -9.1 Questions will go here R.A.P. #2 On pg. 283, What revolution paved the way for the industrial revolution? How? ______________W.I.O. Which industry spurred the IR? Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

Wednesday, February 22, 2017 R.A.P. #25 On pg. 283, -Bell Work
9.1 Questions R.A.P. #25 On pg. 283, What revolution paved the way for the industrial revolution? How? ______________W.I.O. Which industry spurred the IR? Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

"Revolutions of Industry" Notes Part I: IR Begins in Britain
WHAP - Mr. Duez "Revolutions of Industry" Notes Part I: IR Begins in Britain

The Industrial Revolution was an increase in production brought on by the use of machines & characterized by the use of new energy sources. It saw a shift from an economy based on farming & handicrafts to an economy based on manufacturing by machines & industrial factories. Before I.R. about 80% of people were involved in farming as a way of living. After the I.R. only about 1% (in U.S.). At first, working conditions were severe & could often result in injury or even death in the workplace. Children worked in factories, especially textile mills. Early conflicts between workers & employers produced positive effects for workers in modern society. I.R. replaced many handcrafted items w/mass produced items

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 9

Turning Points in History: Industrial Revolution
Introduction: (3:31)

Industrial Revolution 1700’s-1900’s 9.1
1.) What was the Industrial Revolution? 2.) Define an enclosure. 3.) What were some results of the agricultural revolution? 4.) What were the three factors of production required to drive the industrial revolution? 5.) List four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain. 6.)How did rising population help the I.R.? 7.) Which were the most important inventions of the I.R.? 8.) What impact did technological advances have on industry? 9.) What were the four benefits of the railroad in Britain?

1. What was the Industrial Revolution?

1.) What was the Industrial Revolution?
An increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th-century

Pre-Industrial Revolution
Village life dominated – families were nearly self-sufficient Most villagers were farmers

Making Cloth Before Machines
Cottage Industry Slow process Business involving people who worked at home

2.) Define an enclosure.

The Enclosure Movement
The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers Landowners gained: More land for pastures Larger fields for crops Laborers lost: Forced off their lands Moved to growing cities

Land Enclosure in England

2.) Define an enclosure. Land that wealthy landowners bought from village farmers. The land was then enclosed with fences or hedges and experimentation with new harvesting methods.

The Beginnings of Industrialization
Rotating Crops Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion Selective Breeding – Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply

Selective Breeding Year Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs) 1710 28 370 1795 80
Some livestock experts, such as Robert Bakewell, introduced selective breeding programs to improve the quality of the animals. Bakewell crossed different breeds of cattle and sheep to select their best characteristics Year Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs) 1710 28 370 1795 80 800

Rapid Population Growth
Population of Britain in 1750 6 million Population of Britain in 1851 21 million Population of London in 1750 500,000 Population of London in 1851 3 million Families in agriculture in 1750 80% of population Families in agriculture in 1851 25% of population

Enclosure One thing Led to Another
Farmers gained pasture land for animals Raised more sheep Wool output increased Larger fields Able to cultivate product more efficiently Farm out-put increased Profits rose

Push Factors: Where did all the people go?
Fewer worker needed on the lands Farmers forced off their lands Small owners could not compete Villages shrank Cities grew – and GREW!! Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities

Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe and the United States

3.) What were some results of the agricultural revolution?

3.) What were some results of the agricultural revolution?
Many small farmers became tenant farmers or moved to cities. Enclosures became landmarks of wealthy landowners Experimentation with new agricultural methods. It increased food supplies. It led to population growth.

4.) What were the three factors of production required to drive the industrial revolution?

4.) What were the three factors of production required to drive the industrial revolution?
land, labor, capital

5.) List four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain.

5.) List four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain.
1.) Large population of workers 2.) Extensive natural resources (coal, access to waterways, iron ore, harbors for trading) 3.) Economic prosperity (business people made investments into new inventions, highly developed banking system, growing overseas trade, climate of progress) 4.) Political stability (laws encouraged and protected business ventures, several military successes boosted morale)

1.) Stable Government 2.) Natural Resources 3.) Labor Supply
5.) List four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain. 1.) Stable Government No wars--- several military successes gave the British a positive attitude Parliament passed laws to encourage and protect business ventures Had capital (money) to invest in businesses Had overseas markets (colonial empire) 2.) Natural Resources Coal (energy for machines) Iron ore (for tools) Large network of rivers to move products 3.) Labor Supply Growing population Ready workforce 4.) Economic Prosperity Business people made investments into new inventions Highly developed banking system Growing overseas trade Climate of progress

Iron Ore Hematite: the main iron ore in Brazilian mines
Hematite: the main iron ore in Brazilian mines Hematite: the main iron ore in Brazilian mines Hematite: the main iron ore in Brazilian mines Iron Ore Hematite: the main iron ore in Brazilian mines Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be extracted.

6.) How did rising population help the I.R.?

6.) How did rising population help the I.R.?
More people provided a larger workforce.

7.) Which were the most important inventions of the I.R.?

7.) Which were the most important inventions of the I.R.?
Flying shuttle  Spinning jenny Water frame Spinning mule  Cotton gin Steam engine Steam boat Railroad locomotive

Flying Shuttle In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster. The original shuttle contained a bobbin on to which the weft yarn was wound. It was normally pushed from one side of the fabric to the other side by hand. Large looms needed two weavers to throw the shuttle. The flying shuttle was thrown by a leaver that could be operated by one weaver.

Spinning Jenny: 1764 Invented by James Hargreaves
At the time, cotton production could not keep up with demand This machine spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the amount of work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity = produced yarn quickly)

Water Frame Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame or water frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns. The first models were powered by waterwheels so the device came to be first known as the water frame.

Spinning Mule In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule that combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of the water frame. The spinning mule gave the spinner great control over the weaving process. Spinners could now make many different types of yarn. Finer cloths could now be made.

Power loom A power loom is a mechanized loom powered by a line shaft. The first power loom was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785.

Factories

Cotton Gin: 1793 Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning of cotton A machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand Led to the demand for more slaves

Textile Factory Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms 1 million workers

Growth of Industry Growth of factories
As demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with new machines (e.g., flying shuttle, spinning jenny) To house these new machines, manufacturers built the first factories New machines and factories increased production By the 1850s, factories began to be powered by coal and steam engines

8.) What impact did technological advances have on industry?

8.) What impact did technological advances have on industry?
Production of goods was increased.

Technology The Industrial Revolution was built on rapid advances in technology Which of these three inventions most changed the way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?

Modern Steam Engine: 1763-1775 Improved by James Watt
Offered a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency Could be used to drive many different types of machinery (by the 1850s, most factories were powered by the steam engine) Increased the demand for coal to heat the water to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)

The Impact of the Railroad
Transportation innovation that most changed the way raw materials, goods, and people moved Allowed communication and trade between places previously deemed too far

9.) What were the four benefits of the railroad in Britain?

9.) What were the four benefits of the railroad in Britain?
1.) Cheap way to transport goods 2.) Thousands of jobs for railroad and miners 3.) Railroads boosted agricultural/fishing industries 4.) Villagers were encouraged to take distant city jobs 19:32

Pg. 285, Write and Answer the first question under “connect to today”
Wednesday, April 2, 2014 R.A.P. #3 1-Which Industry spurred the Industrial age first? What were some important inventions? Pg. 284 ___________ W.I.O. Pg. 285, Write and Answer the first question under “connect to today” Take out last night’s homework—to be checked (9.1 Questions) -Get a glue stick, glue in 9.1 on yesterday’s WOW after we finish going over the questions Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

Friday, April 4, 2014 -Take out 9.2 Questions to be checked
Rap #5 Do you think factory conditions like the ones we spoke about yesterday still exist in the world today? Why or why not? __________________ WIO How is the I.R. a mixed Blessing? Pg. 293 Pros CONS -Take out 9.2 Questions to be checked Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

Thursday, April 3, 2014 R.A.P. #4 Look at the top of the page on 290 & 291 Answer the Questions on the handout (glue in) WIO 1- Why use children?? 2- who is this benefitting? -Get a glue stick, glue in 9.1 on RAP #2’s WOW (if you didn’t do this yesterday) Glue in today’s RAP, you may want to get some scissors too -9.2 Homework tonight Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

Thursday, February 22, 2017 -Bell Work -9.2 Questions R.A.P. #27
Look at the top of the page on 290 & 291 Answer the Questions on the handout (glue in) WIO 1- Why use children as a labor force?? 2- who is this benefitting? -Bell Work -9.2 Questions Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

Industrialization 9.2 Questions
1.) How did the I.R. affect cities? 2.) What was the main cause of the process of urbanization that occurred in 19th-century Britain and elsewhere in western Europe? 3.) What factor MOST contributed to the shorter life span of those living in cities as opposed to those in the country? 4.) How did landowners and aristocrats view wealthy members of the middle class? 5.) How might small farmers of the agricultural revolution be compared to the working class of the I. R.? 6.) Make a chart listing the Pros and Cons of the I.R.

Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe and the United States

Life in Factory Towns Rapid Population Growth Cramped Tenements
Poor Sanitation Pollution

Housing Tenement = a substandard, multi-family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor Built cheaply Multiple stories No running water No toilet Sewer down the middle of street Trash thrown out into street Crowded (5+ people living in one room) Breeding grounds for diseases Pollution from factory smoke

Child Labor Young children Long hours Poor treatment
Dangerous conditions

Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts died at an average age of 26, constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long hours in unventilated rooms lit by oil lamps

Factories and Factory Towns
Where employees worked Major change from cottage industry Had to leave home to work (travel to cities) Working in a factory No safety codes = dangerous work for all Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped) Long workdays (12-14 hours) Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages) Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day) Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of laborers Life in factory towns Towns grew up around factories and coal mines Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness Rapid population growth Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings divided into apartments)

Migration to Cities Urbanization
Urbanization: the movement of people to cities Changes in farming, soaring population, and an increase in demand for workers led people to move from farms to the cities to work in factories Small towns near natural resources and cities near factories boomed instantly Urbanization

1.) How did the I.R. affect cities?

1.) How did the I.R. affect cities?
made the population grow faster than the housing supply cities grew around factories and coal mines people lived in cramped poorly constructed tenements (apartments) created pollution unsanitary living conditions

2.) What was the main cause of the process of urbanization that occurred in 19th-century Britain and elsewhere in western Europe?

2.) What was the main cause of the process of urbanization that occurred in 19th-century Britain and elsewhere in western Europe? industrialization

3.) What factor MOST contributed to the shorter life span of those living in cities as opposed to those in the country?

Illness and disease caused by unhealthy living conditions
3.) What factor MOST contributed to the shorter life span of those living in cities as opposed to those in the country? Illness and disease caused by unhealthy living conditions

4.) How did landowners and aristocrats view wealthy members of the middle class?

they looked down upon them
4.) How did landowners and aristocrats view wealthy members of the middle class? they looked down upon them

5.) How might small farmers of the agricultural revolution be compared to the working class of the I. R.?

5.) How might small farmers of the agricultural revolution be compared to the working class of the I. R.? both endured long working hours, suffered job loss due to progress, both lived in a time of social restructuring

6.) Make a chart listing the Pros and Cons of the I.R.

6.) Make a chart listing the Pros and Cons of the I.R.
creation of middle class exploitation of workers creation of jobs harsh working conditions increase in country's wealth urbanization led to poor housing conditions (overpopulated cities) improvements in diet, housing, education pollution Workers will eventually win high wages, shorter hours, better conditions

Negative Effects: Labor Practices & Housing Issues
Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes violent) Strikes take place Women were paid less than men (were actually preferred) Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded, and cold Human and industrial waste contaminated water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread

Positive Effects Increased world productivity
Growth of railroads (faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people) New entrepreneurs emerged (more money = more technology/inventions) New inventions improved quality of life for many Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve working conditions Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety codes in cities and factories New opportunities for women Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expanded Social structure becomes more flexible

How did industrialization change the way of life?
Large gaps between the rich and the poor Changes brought by industrialization Size ↑ Class Tensions Cities Factories Working Conditions The rise of the middle class Living Conditions No safety codes Sickness Long hours, Little pay Dangerous conditions

World Clock

Negative Effects: Factory Life
Child labor used in factories & mines Miserable (dirty, cramped) and dangerous (fingers, limbs, & lives lost) working conditions Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery Long working hours – six days a week, with little pay Rigid schedules ruled each day Gas, candle & oil lamps created soot and smoke in factories Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis spread through factories

Negative Effects: Worldwide
Air pollution increased over cities and industrial areas Technological changes eroded the balance of power in Europe Contributed to the growth of imperialism and communism (Marx’s & Engels’ theories) Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a military advantage over developing nations

Wednesday, March 1, 2017 RAP #29 Write and Answer the 2 geography questions on pg. 296 ___________________ Define imperialism. (use glossary) -Bell Work -9.3 Notes -Crash Course Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

Chapter 9.3 Questions 1.) What did Britain do in order to keep industrial secrets from the United States? 2.) What was the benefit of being a stockholder in a corporation? 3.) How did the Napoleonic wars and French Revolution impact the industrialization of Continental Europe? 4.) How did the impact of worldwide industrialization affect the relationships between industrialized nations and non-industrialized nations?

1.) What did Britain do in order to keep industrial secrets from the United States?

Industrialization in United States
Britain forbids engineers to leave 1789 Samuel Slater immigrates to U.S. “Around here, Samuel Slater is seen as the visionary who launched the American Industrial Revolution. But across the pond, as we say now, in the Town of Belper, England, where Slater was born, he once had a different distinction: “Slater the Traitor.”” English Factory Worker Samuel Slater has been called the "father of the American factory system."

1.) What did Britain do in order to keep industrial secrets from the United States?
forbade engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving the country

2.) What was the benefit of being a stockholder in a corporation?

Industrialization spreads to the U.S.
U.S. had same resources that allowed Britain to industrialize: Water Coal Iron Ore Immigrant Workers

Section 3 Industrialization Spreads
Technological Boom!! United States Expansion Natural resources- oil, coal, iron Inventions- lights bulb, telephone railroads

Thomas Edison

Alexander Bell and Guglielmo Marconi

Henry Ford

Assembly Line How did the assembly line affect Workers? Prices?

Section 3 Rise of Corporations
How do you raise enough money to start a business? Sell shares of stock in order to form corporations Pg. 297 John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie

not personally responsible for its debts

3.) How did the Napoleonic wars and French Revolution impact the industrialization of Continental Europe?

Trade was halted in many parts of Europe.
3.) How did the Napoleonic wars and French Revolution impact the industrialization of Continental Europe? Trade was halted in many parts of Europe. Communications between countries were interrupted Inflation was on the rise in some areas of Europe, disrupting the economy.

Sec. 3 The Impact To keep factories running, industrialized nations needed raw materials. Where are they going to get these resources? From poor non-industrialized nations. How do you think industrialized nations chose the areas they would colonize? On the basis of their natural resources!

The Impact, continued The need for both additional resources and markets ultimately led to Imperialism Imperialism- a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other nations politically, economically, or socially What do you think was the most significant effect of the Industrial Revolution? Why? (p.299)

4.) How did the impact of worldwide industrialization effect the relationships between industrialized nations and non-industrialized nations?

It was the driving force behind imperialism
4.) How did the impact of worldwide industrialization effect the relationships between industrialized nations and non-industrialized nations? It was the driving force behind imperialism

Sec. 4 Philosophers of Industrialization
Capitalism- an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. Socialism- Communism-

9.4 Questions 1.) What is the laissez-faire policy?
2.) Define capitalism. 3.) Define socialism. 4.) What were the long-term effects of Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto? 5.) How does Karl Marx describe communism? (Pg. 303) 6.) What is the name for the voluntary associations of workers seeking labor reforms? 7.) Which of the following was NOT a legislative reform in the 1800s? (Circle an answer) a.) In England, it became illegal to hire children under the age of nine. b.) The Supreme Court created social security to support retired workers. c.) The Supreme Court of the United States objected to a federal child labor law. 8.) Give 3 examples of reform movements that your book discusses on pages 305 & 306.

1.) What is the laissez-faire policy?

1.) What is the laissez-faire policy? Who wrote a “Wealth of Nations”?
a policy that let owners of industry set working conditions without government interference "hands off” Adam Smith

The Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics/basis of Capitalism Laissez faire—economic policy of government not interfering with businesses Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers Adam Smith—defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress; help the economy grow Economic natural laws—self-interest, competition, supply and demand Opposed laws to protect workers

Laissez fair philosophers believe
That government should resist the idea of helping poor workers Passing laws would upset the free market system and result in less wealth!

Thursday, April 10, 2014 RAP #9 1-What does Laissez faire mean? Explain. 2-Who wrote the book “The wealth of Nations”? Pg. 300 ___________________ WIo Who wrote “the communist manifesto”? What were his main points? Pg. 302 -Make sure you have all of Chapter 9’s worksheets glued into your notebook ( ) -Take out 9.4 Questions---back will be for homework -Chapter 9 Test on Monday (4/14) (NOT OPEN NOTEBOOK!) Essential Question: How did the Industrial Revolution begin and spread, and how did it affect economics, politics, and society?

2. Define capitalism.

2. Define capitalism. What are the 3 natural laws of economics?
an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. 1- law of self interest-people work for their own good 2- law of competition- competition forces people to make a better product 3-law of supply of demand- enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy

Capitalism Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit Free-market economy: decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors Profit goes to owners who invest in the business

3. Define socialism.

3. Define socialism. An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

The Rise of Socialism Socialism Socialism—factors of production owned by, operated for the people, by the people Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality All can benefit from increased production, not just a few

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few Tried to build perfect communities [utopias]

4.) How does Karl Marx describe communism?

Marxism/Communism Marxism’s Prophets
Karl Marx—German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism Friedrich Engels—German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill The Communist Manifesto Communism is an extreme form of socialism Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring classes; Revolution will occur Capitalism helps “haves,” the employers known as the bourgeoisie Hurts “have-nots,” the workers known as the proletariat Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners

Conditions in Factories
Dangerous Machinery Monotony Dirty Cramped spaces

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Feudalism

Large Gaps between Rich & Poor
The “HAVE-NOTS” The Poor, The Over-Worked, and the Destitute The “HAVES” Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

4.) How does Karl Marx describe communism?
Communism is a form of complete socialism in which people own all production and property – all land mines, factories, railroads, and businesses would be owned by the people. Private property would cease to exist “Dictatorship of the proletariat”-after a period of cooperative living and education the state or government would wither away as a classless society develops.

5.) What were the long-term effects of Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto?

continued Marxism: Radical Socialism
The Future According to Marx Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy itself Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills Communism—society where people own, share the means of production Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone

Karl Marx: Communism Wrote: The Communist Manifesto, 1848
A response to the injustices of capitalism; argued that capitalism would produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction Communism = a political philosophy that aims for a classless and stateless society structured upon common ownership of the means of production and an end to private property “Class struggle between employers and employees is inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its emphasis on greediness and selfishness, the new society ruled by the proletariat (working class) will ensure social, economic, and political equality for everyone.”

5.) What were the long-term effects of Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto?
In the 1900's Marxism inspired revolutionaries such as Russia's Lenin, China’s Mao Zedong, and Cuba’s Fidel Castro (adapted Marx’s beliefs to their own specific needs and situation) Time has shown that economic forces alone do not dominate society. Religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties also play a role The gap btw. rich and poor did not widen as Marx predicted—mostly bc. of the various reforms enacted by gov’t

6.) What is the name for the voluntary associations of workers seeking labor reforms?

6.) What is the name for the voluntary associations of workers seeking labor reforms?
Unions

Rise of Labor Unions Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

7. ) Which of the following was NOT a legislative reform in the 1800s
7.) Which of the following was NOT a legislative reform in the 1800s? (Circle an answer) a.) In England, it became illegal to hire children under the age of nine. b.) The Supreme Court created social security to support retired workers. c.) The Supreme Court of the United States objected to a federal child labor law.

8.) Give 3 examples of reform movements that your book discusses on pages 305 & 306.

8.) Give 3 examples of reform movements that your book discusses on pages 305 & 306.
abolition of slavery, women's rights, education/child labor laws, prisoner rights Laws to protect children in the workplace Minimum wage and maximum hour laws Federal safety and health standards

Industrial Revolution

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