1. Industrial Revolution and Westward Expansion

2. The Era of Good Feelings
After the war of 1812 Americans were unified.
James Monroe, the Republican candidate, won the presidency in 1816 with almost no opposition. The Era of Good Feelings lasted through his presidency.

3. Era of Good Feelings Time period between 1814-1820
Monroe’s 1st term
Increase sense of patriotism/nationalism*
British and French have stopped attacking our trade ships
End of foreign wars
No political parties
Federalists lose power, fade away

4. Era of Good Feelings Cont.
The Federalists barely existed due to doubts of loyalty during the war of 1812.
Eventually this era ended due to disagreements about how the country should move forward.

5. The Monroe Doctrine
Because of issues with Europe the US created a new foreign policy.
The US would not interfere with any current European colonies but would oppose any new colonies in the Americas.

6. Monroe Doctrine 1823
After Mexico broke free from Spain in 1821, President Monroe grew worried
He feared that rival European powers might try to take control of newly independent Latin American countries
He was also concerned about Russia’s interest in the northwest coast of North America

7. Monroe Doctrine 1823
Great Britain was also interested in restraining the influence of other European nations in the Americas
This was because Britain had formed close trading ties with most of the independent Latin American countries
Britain wanted to issue a joint statement with the US to warn the rest of Europe not to interfere in Latin America

8. Monroe Doctrine 1823
Instead, Adams and President Monroe decided to put together a document protecting American interests
The Monroe doctrine-
Declared any European nation interfering in Latin independence is in conflict with the interest of the United States
No further colonization of the Western Hemisphere

11. Effects of War of 1812
Result of the interruption of trade during the War of 1812, Americans had to rely on own manufacturing its own goods instead of relying on those they had previously imported
US manufacturing grew
The South’s output of cotton increased
Tariffs were placed on imported goods, which helped to promote US manufacturing

12. Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution- period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
The first breakthrough was in the textiles, or cloth items.

13. Industrial Beginnings
Great Britain was the first nation to become industrial
Samuel Slater brings the idea to America through espionage
Francis Cabot Lowell hired young women to work in his textile mill.
Women were educated, followed strict rules, and became more independent thinkers.
Young teenage women flocked to mills like Lowell’s.
Thank ye spinning wheel! Thou makest mine life so much easier!

14. Francis Cabot Lowell
The Lowell System- based on water powered textile mills that employed young unmarried women from local farms
System included a loom that could both spin thread and weave cloth in the same mill
Lowell constructed boardinghouses for the women
Boardinghouse residents were given a room and meals along w/ their jobs

15. Economic Differences in the Regions
North
Manufacturing and trade was the way of life because of the climate: (harsh winters, mild summers). Poor rocky soil, local resources, and industrialization led to new jobs in cities
Effects- Urbanization and growth of cities
South
Farming and cash crops; good soil, warm climate, improvements in agricultural equipment and techniques lead to large crop fields and faster harvesting
Effects- Farmers sought to move west to acquire new lands to farm; increase in the need for slave labor; interruption of Native Americans way of life

16. Industrialization in the North
Other Factors in the growth of industrialism.
Capitalism - an economic system where people have the ability to make a profit from their inventions and investments.
Free Enterprise – an economic system where people are free to buy and sell whatever they please.
Businesses compete with each other!!!!!

17. “…led by an invisible hand
“…led by an invisible hand ... By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.” - Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations  

18. Define Market Economy
A market economy is a type of economic system where supply and demand regulate the economy, rather than government intervention.
A true free market economy is an economy in which all resources are owned by individuals. The decisions about the allocation of those resources are made by individuals without ANY government intervention.
There are no completely true free market economies. The United States has more characteristics of a market economy than a command economy, where a government controls the market.

19. Limited Government
Most economic decisions (buying/selling, prices, what to buy/sell, etc) are made by buyers and sellers, not the government.
A free enterprise system is self-regulating.
No significant economic role for government is necessary.

20. Privately Owned
Almost everything is owned by individuals and private businesses, not by the government.
Equipment and buildings are not government-owned.
Goods and services produced in the economy are privately owned.

21. Freedom of Choice and Free Enterprise
Private entrepreneurs (business people) are free to use resources to produce goods and services they choose to.
They are free to sell these goods and services in markets of their choice (when/where/for how much).
Consumers are free to buy the goods and services that best fill their wants and needs.
Workers are free to seek any jobs for which they are qualified.

22. Competition
Competition between buyers and sellers regulate the economy, not the government
Buyers and sellers are free to buy or sell what they want, from whoever they want, for however much they want (or choose not to).
When businesses compete for customers, they sell their goods or services at the lowest possible price while still earning a profit.
Supply and demand:
If the supply of a good or service is low, the consumer must pay a higher price. If demand for a product is low, the price is lowered.

23. System of Markets and Prices
A market (industry) brings buyers and sellers together.
The demand of buyers and supply of sellers set the outcome for how much product is sold and their prices.
Prices are indicators that help buyers and sellers make and revise their choices on what to buy/sell and for how much.

24. Reason for Increase in Factories and Urbanization
Abundance of natural resources such as coal and iron
Fast flowing rivers and streams which helped with transportation of goods and power machines (hydroelectricity)
Abundance of workers with the concentrated population in the cities
Ports and harbors of the Northeast (NE)
Improved transportation and communication
Investment capital/free enterprise system/banking
New inventions
Migration of workers to manufacturing centers (immigrants, women, children)

25. Reason for Increase in Factories and Urbanization
Many people moved into big cities during the Industrialization!
Cities offered new jobs and new ways of life.

26. Factory System Products could be produced faster and cheaper
Replaced the cottage industry
Hire low-waged workers
Contributed the rise of industrialization
Factories built near streams for waterpower and transportation of goods
Working conditions and dangers in factories
Labor unions develop

27. Immigration

28. Largest immigration groups and reasons why they came.
Africans – Brought mainly against their will as slaves to the south. There are some free black Americans but very few. (about 3%)

29. Early African American Culture
Sung spirituals to keep spirits up, express religious beliefs and as secret codes for escape.
Would get married, marriage ended if sold.
No new slaves allowed after 1808, but remaining slaves and their children allowed to be used.
Slave codes passed to keep slaves uneducated and unassembled. White owners fear rebellion.

30. African Culture Cont.
Many slaves try to escape to the North but usually unsuccessful. Would be whipped and beaten if caught.
Harriet Tubman and the underground rail road help many slaves escape.

31. Largest immigration groups and reasons why they came.
Irish –
Came for jobs in factories and to escape famine in Ireland.
Came largely to cities
Settled primarily in the north for work.

32. Irish Potato Famine 1846 – “Great Famine” (Hunger) spreads
Blight (Fungus or disease hits the potato crops in Ireland
1847- Ireland in financial ruin

33. Irish Culture and Impact
Over 1.5 million Irish immigrate to the US. Mainly settle into cities to work low paying factory jobs.
Bring their culture and religion with them. Biggest impact was Catholicism.

34. Irish Culture Cont.
Increase of immigration makes two groups take action, the Nativists and the American Party
Anti-Immigrant and Anti-Catholic
Wanted strict immigration law and no foreign born people allowed in government. Eventually split over slavery.
Felt immigrants were taking jobs and changing US culture negatively.

35. Over 2 million Irish head to America during 1840 – 1850s

36. Irish Immigrants head to America

37. Irish Population Density

38. Poor living conditions

39. Hard Workers, for little pay

40. Discrimination

41. Largest immigration groups and reasons why they came.
Germans – Came for land in the west and to escape political problems in Germany. Many became farmers in new western territories.

42. German Population

43. German Density Map

44. German Immigrants

45. Largest Immigration Groups
Chinese
China was politically unstable which helped drive immigration
Came in search of economic opportunity (Gold Rush & Rail Jobs)
Crossed the Pacific Ocean in large numbers during the Gold Rush period (early 1850’s). Many also worked on the transcontinental railroad.
Settled mostly in the WEST
Many were mistreated by US government with unfair laws or other miners who wanted their gold

46. Chinese Miners seek opportunity when Gold is discovered in California in 1848-49

48. Discrimination

49. Transcontinental Railroad 1850s-60s

50. New Inventions and innovations
Cotton gin
Invented by Eli Whitney in One cotton gin could do the work of fifty people picking cotton seeds by hand.
Increased the demand for slaves as the demand for cotton increases
Hey there, I’m Eli Whitney. I invented a lot of stuff. I’m kind of a big deal. You can thank me now.

51. New Inventions and innovations
Interchangeable Parts
Invented by Eli Whitney.
Instead of having to replace a broken product, you could replace the broken part, since the parts will match perfectly.

52. Interchangeable Parts
The effect
Whitney proved that American inventors could improve upon the new British technology
Sped up mass production- efficient production of large numbers of identical goods.

53. Bessemer Steel Process
Henry Bessemer
Developed a faster and inexpensive process to create steel.
Hot air is blown in molten iron, contact with the iron burns the impurities out of the metal.
When the mixture cools it forms much stronger steel.
Steel becomes the main metal used in the infrastructure of the US.
EX: Railroads, trains
Steel had a huge role in the growth of the nation

54. Steamboat Invented by Robert Fulton in 1802.
Revolutionized water travel and transportation in America.
Move against the current
Did not rely on wind power
Increased trade and profits because goods could be moved quickly and cheaper

55. Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse.
Morse created a code where a series of dots and dashes represented letters of the alphabet.
He was driven to invent it for personal reasons.
People could now communicate much faster
This innovation helps lead to the telephone.

56. Inventions that helped the South and the West
The South and the West had better farming than the North. Cash Crop = King Cotton!
Didn’t need or want manufacturing. Very few factories in the South.
Thresher – Andrew Meikle

57. Mechanical Reaper 1831 Cyrus McCormick
It quickly and efficiently cut down wheat  increased harvesting productivity
Farmers could harvest grains 5 times faster than before, which also means they could then plant even more
The reaper during the Civil War enabled the Union to supply is troops more effectively than the Confederates

58. Steel Plow
1837
John Deere
Saw that his friends in Illinois had difficulty plowing thick soil w/ iron plows.
He thought a steel blade might work better
Animal powered tool that could plow rows for planting
The durable polished steel enabled it to pierce through both hard compact soil as well as muddy clay. Soil would not stick to blade)
He designed a steel plow
By 1846, Deere was selling 1,000 plows per yr.

59. Railroads
1830
Many railroads ran up and down steep mountanss, around tight curves, and over rivers
Often built tracks w/ the least expensive materials available
As time went on, engineers and mechanics built heavier, faster, and more powerful steam trains

60. Railroads
Railroads supplied cities and towns with food, fuel, building materials, and access to new markets, reduced prices.
The Transcontinental Railroad- completed in connected the East and West coasts. It created a nation- wide transportation network that united the Nation; railroads allowed for the transportation of larger quantities of goods over longer distances
Transcontinental Railroad- Railroads facilitated westward migration Immigrants used the railroad to migrate west and to form new immigrant settlements in western States and territories

61. Railroads
Ways goods were marketed- allowed goods to move faster and over father distances
Negative Effects
Disruption of natural habitats in the West
Contributed all pollution in the West
Interrupted Native Americans way of life

62. Railroads Effects of Railroads
By 1860w about 30,000 miles of railroad linked almost every major city in the eastern US
Increase in logging. Lumber became the primary product of New England.
Caused cities to grow: transportation hubs
Used Bessemer steel process impact on Westward expansion

64. Canals increased travel, shipping, and transportation
Canals increased travel, shipping, and transportation. Helped reduce prices. It also contributed to westward expansion. Increase in population due to immigration and growth of cities.

65. Erie Canal Erie Canal- ran from Albany to Buffalo, New York
Construction began in 1817
Finished in 1825
Using shovels, British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the entire canal by hand.
Cost: millions of dollars
Allowed goods and people to move between towns on Lake Erie and NYC and the East Coast

69. Westward Expansion

70. Issues with expansion
Sectionalism – A group of peoples loyalty to their region. Created division within the country.
Foreign relations
Relations improved with England after the War of 1812.
The Rush-Bagot Treaty settled the border of Canada and demilitarized the border.
Relations with Spain changed with the Adams – Onis Treaty.
Spain gives up claim to Florida and US recognizes Spanish border from TX to the west coast. Us gains territory in the NW (Oregon area). The US became transcontinental.

71. Sectionalism Henry Clay
American System- a series of measures intended to make the US economically self sufficient
From KY
Represented the interests of the Western states
Protective Tariffs would give the government a way to make money
Internal improvements like canals and roads help speed up trade
National bank was a good source to lend money to develop industries and agriculture
Clay becomes famous for the compromises he writes over the next 3 decades
GREAT COMPROMISER

72. Sectionalism John C. Calhoun Farmer from SC
Represents the Southern voice
Believer in state sovereignty: states rights
Did not like high tariffs: would hurt the southern farmers. Could not pay the high taxes.

73. Sectionalism Daniel Webster
Represents the voice for the Northeastern part of the US
Supported the tariffs: protect American goods
Federal govt. doing what’s necessary
Supported anything that would help the north
Believed in the unity of the nation
“Liberty and Union, now and forever”

74. ISSUES WITH EXPANSION SECTIONALISM & SLAVERY
Slavery continued to be a heated issue with the north opposing it and the south needing it for labor.
The newest problem arose with the addition of new states to the Union.
The north wanted the new states to prohibit slavery,
The south wanted the new states to be slave states.

75. Missouri Compromise 1820: Henry Clay author
Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the 36’ 30’ parallel
Missouri to be a slave state
Maine to be a free state
Became a big debate across the nation
This will lead to decisions in the near future about states being free or slave

77. Important Court Cases McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden
The state of Maryland tried to tax the national (federal) bank.
Supreme court found that states could not tax the federal government. (unconstitutional)
IMPLIED POWERS
Established that states could not interfere with federal power to manage interstate business.
Both of these rulings gave more power to the federal government.

78. The End!!!