1. Using Maps

2. Geographers constantly use maps, so let’s brush up on our map skills!
What is geography?
= the study of Earth’s surface and how it effects the way people live on it.
Geographers study:
Earth’s surface – the land and water features
How climate effects where/how people live
Geographers constantly use maps, so let’s brush up on our map skills!

3. Earth’s surface is made up of land and water
Maps: Are drawings on flat surfaces that represent all or part of Earth.
(Globes: are three dimensional models of Earth)
Earth’s surface is made up of land and water

4. Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern Africa Antarctica Asia
Water (5) oceans 70%
Arctic
Atlantic
Indian
Pacific
Southern
Land (7) continents 30%
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
Australia
Europe
North America
South America

6. Compass Rose shows direction on a map
Cardinal Directions
= The 4 main directions:
North, South, West, East
Intermediate Directions
= The directions that are in between the main directions:
NE - Northeast, SE - Southeast,
SW - Southwest, NW - Northwest

7. Map Scale: Shows what short distances on a map really represent on “Earth.”
Uses miles and/or kilometers

8. Map Key: explains the symbols that are used on a map.
= city
* = capital

10. **Please color your map.**

11. Hemispheres:
Hemisphere = “half a sphere.” We use the word to mean half of Earth

12. The equator divides Earth into two hemispheres:
Northern hemisphere
Southern hemisphere

14. Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

15. Near the Prime Meridian, Earth is divided into two hemispheres:
Western Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere

17. Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere

18. Using Latitude and Longitude
Equator = the imaginary line that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

19. Prime Meridian = the imaginary line that divides Earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

20. Latitude and longitude lines help you pinpoint an exact location on Earth’s surface.

22. Latitude: Imaginary lines that run West to East.
Measure North and South of the equator.
O° latitude = equator

23. Longitude: Imaginary lines that run North and South.
Longitude lines measure East and West of the Prime Meridian.
The Prime Meridian is 0° longitude.

24. Using Latitude and Longitude Lines
Let’s see how to use the grid system formed by latitude and longitude lines to locate places on a map.

25. Climate = the pattern of weather of a place over many years
Climate is affected by the following 4 things:
Latitude
Altitude
Currents
The Sun

27. 1. Latitude & Climate:
The closer to the equator, the lower the latitude number, the hotter the climate
Tropical Climate Zone
- b/c the sun’s rays have a direct hit on Earth’s surface

28. The farther away from the equator, the higher the latitude number, the colder the climate
Polar Climate Zone
- b/c the sun’s rays have an indirect hit on Earth’s surface

29. The middle latitudes have a moderate climate.
- These latitudes are called the temperate climate zone
- They have a combination of warm and cold climates, AND a good growing season.

30. 2. Altitude and Climate: Altitude = height above sea level
Higher altitudes have colder climates

31. 3. Currents and Climate:
Cold ocean currents flow from polar regions toward the equator AND warm ocean currents flow from the equator toward the poles.

32. - warm ocean currents like the Gulf
- warm ocean currents like the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean heat the air above. Warm air masses like the North Atlantic Drift blow across the land and cause mild temperatures

33. 4. Climate and the Sun:
All parts of the Earth do not receive the same amount of sunlight.
Earth sits on its axis at an angle.
The Earth spins on its axis like a top.
- Earth rotates once every 24 hrs
The Earth revolves around the Sun once every 3651/4 days
- One revolution = 1 yr

34. To Compare Seasons of Different Countries:
Look to see which hemisphere, the countries are located in. Northern or Southern ONLY!!
If they are in the same hemisphere, they have the same season.
If they are in opposite hemispheres, they have the opposite season.

35. Do you know which seasons are opposites?
winter ↔
summer
fall ↔
spring

38. Prehistoric village found in downtown Miami

39. Archaeology
Archaeology: the study of the remains of past human life and cultures.
Archaeologists: people who study these remains

40. Archaeologists study…
Artifacts = things made by humans that tell us how they lived long ago.
*Artifacts are also called Primary Sources.
These are first hand accounts from the past.
Examples:
artwork, tools, weapons, pottery, ruins
letters, photographs, diaries

41. Secondary Sources = secondhand accounts of past events
Textbooks
Newspaper articles written by someone who was NOT actually at the event.

42. Why did scientists begin to study artifacts?
There are very few written records left behind by the people who lived in ancient times, so archaeologists need to study the objects that were left behind, the artifacts, to understand what their life was like.

43. How do archaeologists figure out how old an artifact is?
At first they looked at the material used to make the artifact.
After that they looked at how the artifact was used to obtain food.
The most accurate way to date an artifact is using carbon 14.

45. Understanding Cause & Effect
CAUSE – makes something happen
- it explains WHY or HOW
EFFECT – this is what happens
- the RESULT
Clue Words: led to, brought about, produced, therefore

46. How has History Been Shaped?
Geography: land formations such as mountains, deserts, and plains as well as access to water have affected or influenced:
where people lived
crops they grew
the way they interacted.
Climate: pattern of weather a place has over many years. Climate has affected or influenced:
shelters they built
clothing they wore

47. Natural Resources: materials found in nature that are useful to humans.
Air Fossil Fuels
Water Metals
Soil
Sunlight