1. Endocrine System

2. Endocrine System
Consists of a group of ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream. These substances are called hormones. _________________________________________

3. Endocrine System
Hormones, chemical substances produced and secreted by the endocrine glands, are frequently called “chemical messengers” They are transported throughout the body by the bloodstream ad preform functions including:
Stimulate exocrine glands to produce secretions
Stimulate other endocrine glands
Regulate growth and development
Regulate metabolism
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4. Endocrine System
The pituitary gland is often called the “master gland” of the body because it produces many hormones that affect other glands. _______________________________________

5. Pituitary Gland: Diseases
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Bones of the hands, feet, and face enlarge and create a grotesque appearance. The skin and tongue thicken, and slurred speech develops.

6. Pituitary Gland: Diseases
Giantism results from over secretion of somatrophin. It causes excessive growth of long bones. __________________________

7. Pituitary Gland: Diseases
Diabetes Insipidus is caused by a decreases secretion of ADH. A low level of ADH prevents water from being reabsorbed in the kidneys. Symptoms include excessive urination and thirst. ______________________________________

8. Pituitary Gland: Diseases
Dwarfism results from an under secretion of somatotrophin and can be caused by a tumor, infection, genetic factors or injury.
IF it is found early it can be treated with shots of _______________________________________

9. Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland synthesizes hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism and control the level of calcium in the blood. It is located in front of the trachea. It has two lobes on either side.
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10. Thyroid Gland: Diseases
A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Causes can include a hyperactive thyroid, an iodine deficiency, an over secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone on the part of the pituitary gland, or a tumor.
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11. Thyroid Gland: Diseases
Hyperthyroidism is an over activity of the thyroid gland, which causes increased production of thyroid hormones and increased basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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Treatment consists of either radiation ro destroy part of the thyroid or a surgical removal of the thyroid.

12. Thyroid Gland: Diseases
Graves’ disease is a severe form of hyperthyroidism more common in women than men. Symptoms include a strained and tense facial expression, nervous irritability, emotional instability, tachycardia and diarrhea.
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13. Thyroid Gland: Diseases
Hypothyroidism is an under activity of the thyroid gland and a deficiency of thyroid hormones. Two main forms exist cretinism and myxedema.
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Myxedema occurs later in adulthood; slow mental function, weakness, fatigue
Adding iodine to the diet corrects this

14. Parathyroid Gland
The parathyroid glands are four small glands located behind and attached to the thyroid gland.
Their hormone regulates the amount of calcium in the blood.
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15. Parathyroid Gland: Diseases
Hyperparathyroidism is an over activity of the parathyroid gland resulting in an overproduction of parathormone. This results in hypercalcemia (increased calcium in blood).
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16. Parathyroid Gland: Diseases
Hypothyroidism is an underactivity of the parathyroid gland, which causes a low level of calcium in the blood. Causes include surgical removal of or injury to the parathyroid and or thyroid glands.
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17. Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are frequently called the suprarenal glands because one is located above each kidney. Each gland has two parts the outer: cortex and inner: medulla.
The adrenal corex secretes many steroid hormones, which are classified into three groups. The adrenal medulla secretes two main hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. ___________________________________________

18. Adrenal Glands: Diseases
Addison’s disease is caused by decreased secretion of aldosterone on the part of the adrenal cortex. This interferes with the reabsorption of sodium and water and causes an increased level of potassium in the blood. ___________________________________

19. Adrenal Glands: Diseases
Cushing's syndrome results from an over secretion of glucocortoids on the part of the adrenal cortex. It can be caused by either a tumor of the adrenal cortex or excess production of ACTH on the part of the pituitary gland.
Symptoms include hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), hypertension, muscle weakness, fatigue, hirsutism __________________________________

20. Pancreas
The pancreas is a fish-shaped organ located behind the stomach. It secretes pancreatic juices, which are carried to the small intestine by the pancreatic duct to aid in the digestion of food. _________________________________________

21. Pancreas Gland: Diseases
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by decreased secretion of insulin. The metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats is affected.
There are two main types. Type 1 is Insulin dependent. _______________________________

22. Other Endocrine Glands
The overies are the glands of a female. They are located in the pelvic cavity. They secrete hormones that regulate menstruation.
The testes are the glands of the male. ___________________________________________

23. Other Endocrine Glands
The thymus is a mass of tissue located in the upper part of the chest. It contains lymphoid tissue. Is active in early life, activating cells in the immune system before puberty.
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