1. Endocrine System Hormones and their actions

2. Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands Endocrine glands secrete their products (hormones) into the blood stream where they are carried to the target cells.

3. Exocrine glands Exocrine glands secrete their products into a body cavity or to the outside.

5. Negative feedback How the body maintains homeostasis Low Blood Sugar Eat Food High Blood Sugar Pancreas secretes Insulin

6. Steroid Hormones (lipid soluble)

7. Steroid cell response

8. Non-steroid cell response

9. Non-steroid hormones Peptides are short chains of amino acids; most hormones are peptides. They are secreted by the pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver, and kidneys.Peptidesamino acidspituitaryheartstomach

10. Prostaglandins Hormone-like chemicals that affect local tissues only.

11. Hypothalamus

13. The hypothalamus produces two hormones: * ADH * Oxytocin * Controls pituitary gland

14. ADH: The single most important effect of antidiuretic hormone is to conserve body water by reducing the loss of water in urine.

15. Diabetes Insipidus: a hyposecretion With less ADH, the kidneys conserve less water Frequent urination (around 2.5 liters/day) and excessive thirst result May be caused by surgery, infection, head injury, tumor, or a genetic disorder.

16. Diabetes Insipidus: a hyposecretion of ADH

17. Oxytocin Stimulation of milk ejection (milk letdown Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction at birth Establishment of maternal behavior

18. Pineal Gland

19. Melatonin

20. Pituitary Gland

21. Posterior Pituitary Stores ADH and Oxytocin

22. Anterior Pituitary Gland GH = Growth Hormone –Stimulates cells to grow and divide –Enhances movement of amino acids across the cell membrane –Tells cells to use more carbohydrates

23. Dwarfism: a hyposecretion of GH

24. Gigantism: a hypersecretion of GH Anna Swan 7 feet 5 inches

25. Leonid Stadnyk: Tallest living man at 8 feet, 5.5 inches

29. Acromegaly: a hypersecretion of GH in Adults

31. In acromegaly, an individual's hands and feet begin to grow, becoming thick and doughy. The jaw line, nose, and forehead also grow, and facial features are described as coarse. The tongue grows larger, and because the jaw is larger, the teeth become more widely spaced. Due to swelling within the structures of the throat and sinuses, the voice becomes deeper and sounds hollower, and patients may develop loud snoring.

32. TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Tells the thyroid gland to release its hormones (which control metabolism)

33. Cretinism: a hyposecretion of TSH in children

34. Symptoms: –dwarfism –mental deficiency –puffy facial features –dry skin –large tongue –muscular incoordination

35. Myxedema: a hyposecretion of TSH in adults

36. Myxedema: –most severe form of hyposecretion –swelling of feet, hands, face, and eye tissues –disease leads to coma and death

37. Graves Disease: a hypersecretion of TSH

38. Graves Disease: Too much TSH Hyperthyroidism can be caused by the secretion of too much TSH. Graves Disease is an autoimmune disease. The thyroid gland doesn’t respond to negative feedback. Goiter results because an increase in TSH caused the thyroid to work harder

39. Graves disease Tissues around eyes begin to swell, causing the eyes to bulge out. Eyes will be dry and irritated Blindness may result This disorder effects women more than men by 8 to 1. People tend to get this disorder in their 30’s to 40’s Tends to run in families.

40. ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Tells the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones

41. Addison’s Disease: a hyposecretion of ACTH

42. Cushing’s Disease: A hypersecretion of ACTH

43. Cortisol Known as the stress hormone It increases blood pressure, blood sugar, suppresses the immune system

44. FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone High levels causes: –Premature menopause –Testicular failure –Low levels cause: Low sperm count Lack of menstrual cycle

45. LH: Lutenizing Hormone

46. Prolactin

47. Thyroid Gland

49. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine Thyroxine = T4 because it has four iodine atoms. Triiodothyronine = T3 because it has three iodine atoms. These hormones help regulate the metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins.

50. Hyperthyroidism

51. Hypothyroidism

52. Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, weight gain, dry hair, depression, memory loss. 10% of women have some degree of this disorder. Easily fixed by taking more thyroxine through medication.

53. Goiters and iodine deficiency

55. X-ray of goiter. Goiter is pushing the trachea and esophagus to the side

56. Calcitonin Keeps calcium in your bones –Lowers blood calcium

57. Parathyroid Gland PTH: Parathyroid Hormone –Increases blood calcium levels

58. Thymus Gland Thymopoietin and thymosin

59. Adrenal Glands Cortex and medulla

60. Cortex hormones: Glucocorticoids: Cortisone Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone Gonadocorticoids: Androgens

61. Medulla hormones Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

62. Pancreas

63. Alpha Cells: Glucagon Beta Cells: Insulin

64. Testes and Ovaries Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone Testes: Testosterone

65. Placenta HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin.