1. Chapter 11
Jefferson Era

3. Election of 1800 Federalists- John Adams, Charles C. Pinckney
Democratic-Republicans (DR)- Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr
Unlike today, candidates did not travel around giving speeches. Instead candidates’ supporters made their arguments in letters and newspaper editorials
Election results:
Jefferson & Burr- 73 Electoral votes each
Adams 65 Electoral votes
Pinckney- 64 Electoral votes

4. Election of 1800 The tie between Jefferson and Burr caused a problem
Under the Constitution at the time, 2 candidates with the most votes became president and vice president
The decision went to the House of Representatives
The men went back and forth for days and their votes ended in a tie
Jefferson finally won on the 36th vote-He became our 3rd President
The election marked the first time that one party had replaced another in power in the US
Marked a peaceful transition of power between political parties
Problems with the voting system led Congress to proposing the 12th Amendment- Separate ballot for president and vice president

5. Title-“Midnight Judges”
Adams and Federalists passed a law which created new courts in the Judicial system.
Before Adams left office he quickly filled the 42 judge positions with Federalists. They were called midnight judges.
Wanted to make sure his party would still have power when Jefferson became President.takes over.
Right before Jefferson was inaugurated Adams and his Sec. of State John Marshall were signing the commissions (contracts).
Ran out of time before delivering all of the commissions.
24 of the commissions were still left on the John Marshall’s desk.

6. “Midnight Judges”
The day of Jefferson’s Inauguration, his Secretary of State Madison discovers the commissions.
Jefferson tells Madison (Secretary of State) not to deliver them to those men because they were Federalists.
William Marbury was one of the “midnight judges” that did not receive his appointment orders/papers.
Marbury went to the Supreme Court and asked them to FORCE Jefferson and Madison to give him his job.

7. Marbury v Madison 1803
Chief John Marshall & the rest of the Justices took the case.
When reviewing the case, asked 3 questions
Did Thomas Jefferson do anything illegal when he refused to give Marbury his job?
Does Marbury have the right to sue according to the Judiciary Act of 1789?
Does the Supreme Court have the Constitutional right to force the President to give Marbury his job?

8. 1. Did Thomas Jefferson do anything illegal when he refused to give Marbury his job?
Court Answer:
YES. Thomas Jefferson & James Madison in fact did break the law by withholding Marbury from his commission

9. 2. Does Marbury have the right to sue according to the Judiciary Act of 1789?
Court answer: Yes. Marbury's argument that the court had the power to force Jefferson to give him his commission papers was valid.
Judiciary Act of 1789: granted them the Writ of Mandamus- the court can force government officials to follow their instructions

10. 3. Does the Supreme Court have the Constitutional right to force the President to give Marbury his job?
Court Answer: NO! The Judiciary Act of is an unconstitutional law. By passing the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress has made a law that violated the constitution. So the court does not have the ability to issue a Writ of Mandamus in Marbury’s case.

11. Marbury v Madison PRECEDENT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW:
The Supreme Court (S.C) has the ability to review laws made by Congress
The S.C. can interpret the meaning and constitutionality of laws
The S.C. has the ability to nullify (cancel) any laws that are considered unconstitutional.
The Constitution is the Supreme law of the land! Congress, nor states, can pass laws that go above the authority of the Constitution.

12. Landmark Court Cases McCulloch v. Maryland
Ruled that Congress has more powers than just those expressed in the Constitution.
IMPLIED POWER

13. Landmark Court Cases Gibbons v. Ogden
Ruled that national laws take precedence over state laws.
Gives more power to the Federal Government.
All these court cases were led by Chief Justice John Marshall.
He helped make the Judicial Branch more powerful and equal to the Legislative and Executive Branches

14. Accomplishments made during early part of Jefferson’s 1st term
Cut military spending
Reduced the army from 4000 to 2500 men
Reduced the navy from 25 to 7 ships
Reduced national debt from $83 million to $45 million
Cut ALL internal taxes

15. Accomplishments made during early part of Jefferson’s 1st term
Only source of government income: tariffs and sales of Western land
Let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire

16. Louisiana Purchase
At the time, the United States only extended west to the Mississippi River. Everything west of that was known as the Louisiana Territory.
The Louisiana Territory (recently obtained from Spain) was sold to President Jefferson and the United States by Napoleon Bonaparte of France for 15 million dollars.
This instantly doubled the size of the United States!

17. The French claimed it first….
French Louisiana
The French claimed it first….
8.10C
8.6E

18. then the Spanish won it in the Seven Years War…
Spanish Louisiana
Spanish Louisiana
then the Spanish won it in the Seven Years War…
8.10C
8.6E

19. French Louisiana
French Louisiana
then the French took it back from the Spanish due a treaty they signed….
8.10C
8.6E

20. Louisiana Purchase 1803
Louisiana Purchase 1803
then the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.
8.10C
8.6E

22. Lewis and Clark
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were hired by President Thomas Jefferson to explore and map the Louisiana Territory.
During their journey, a Native American woman named Sacagawea, joined their group as a guide.

23. Lewis and Clark continued…
They traveled over 4000 miles ending up at the Pacific Ocean in the Oregon Territory in 1805.
They gathered important information on people, plants, animals and the geography of the West.
This inspired many people to move westward. This is the beginning of Manifest Destiny.
8.10C

24. Jefferson’s 2nd Term & the Road to WAR
Thomas Jefferson was elected to a second term in 1804
War between Great Britain and France rages on.
The United States profits from trading with both countries.
Great Britain begins the practice of impressment.
Impressment was when England would kidnap American sailors and force them to join and fight for the British navy.
4. This was a violation of the neutral rights of the U.S.

25. Jefferson’s 2nd Term & the Road to WAR
President Jefferson passes the Embargo Act of 1807.
Jefferson hoped this would end impressment.
The United States stopped trading with all countries.
The Embargo Act failed because it hurt American trade and it didn’t hurt Britain.
It did, however, lead to more factories in the U.S. being built.

26. Jefferson’s 2nd Term & the Road to WAR
The Embargo Act proves EXTREMELY unpopular and Jefferson’s popularity suffers as a result.
Eventually, Congress repealed the Embargo Act
Jefferson leaves office with a loss of respect.

27. James Madison
Democratic-Republican James Madison becomes our 4th President.
Wrote the Constitution
Co-wrote the federalists papers
Established the Democratic- Republican party with Thomas Jefferson (T.J.)
Married first lady Dolley Madison
Died on June 28, 1836 at the Montpelier estate in Orange County, Virginia

28. Domestic issues
In the early 1800s, Native Americans in the old Northwest Territory become frustrated because they continued to lose land as thousands of settlers poured into the region.
Frustrated Indian groups considered what to do.
British agents from Canada began to arm Native Americans (NA) who were living along the western frontier.
Rumors of British activity in the old Northwest Territory quickly spread, filling American settlers with fear and anger.

29. Domestic issues
Tecumseh, a powerful Indian Chief, hoped to unite the Native Americans of the northwestern frontier, the South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley.
He was helped by his brother, a religious leader called the Prophet.
They founded a village called Prophetstown near the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers for their followers.

30. Domestic issues Battle of Tippecanoe
Tecumseh traveled south to ask the Creek nation to join his forces.
While Tecumseh was gone, Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, attacked.
Harrison raised an army and marched his troops close to Prophetstown.
Fighting broke out when the Prophet ordered an attack on Harrison’s camp on November 7,

31. Domestic issues Battle of Tippecanoe
The Indians broke through army lines, but Harrison kept a “calm, cool, and collected” manner, according to one observer.
During the all-day battle, Harrison’s soldiers forced the Indian warriors to retreat and then destroyed Tecumseh’s village.
The defeat destroyed Tecumseh’s dream of a great Indian confederation.

32. Madison addresses congress for war
Many Americans are unhappy with the battle and problems between the Native Americans and the American Western settlers.
Many believe that the British are to blame for the attack by the Native Americans
War Hawks- Congressmen who wanted to go to war with Britain
Wanted to put a stop to British influence among Native Americans and enforce national security
A sense of nationalism, loyalty to a country or patriotism, began to spread

33. Madison addresses congress for war
Elected in 1808
Faced the unpopular trade war
Felt pressure from the War Hawks
1812 decided to ask congress to vote on war
War Hawks won
First time in history, Congress declared war
Americans elected Madison to a 2nd term.
Commander in chief during the War of 1812

34. Causes of the war of 1812 Impressment of US Sailors by the British
Interference of trade on open seas
British never evacuated the US after the Treaty of Paris 1783
British built forts in the Great Lakes region
British encouraged Native American attacks

35. Causes of the war of 1812
Na- Native Americans were encouraged by the British to attack
B- British never evacuated the US after the Treaty of Paris 1783
F- Forts in the Great Lakes region
I- Impressment
T- Trade interference on the open sea.

36. War of 1812 Where are the battles taking place?
Most of the battles are in the Great Lakes region, Canada, and on the East Coast of the US

37. War at Sea British navy had hundreds of ships US only had 20 ships
None of them was as powerful as the British
Most of the British ships were scattered around the world
US Navy had trained sailors and powerful new warships
USS Constitution
British ships blockaded America’s seaports

38. War of 1812 War began in July of 1812. Famous Battles and Events
Battle of Horseshoe Bend – Andrew Jackson and his troops slaughtered more than 550 Creek Indians who allied themselves with Tecumseh.
The British burned down the White House.
Madison and U.S. leaders had to flee.
Fort McHenry –
Baltimore, Maryland-Major Trade Hub and Anti-British hot spot.
British bombard the fort.
Francis Scott Key wrote a little poem called “The Star Spangled Banner” as he watched the battle.
Later became our NATIONAL ANTHEM

39. Treaty of Ghent Signed in Belgium December 24, 1814
Ended the War of 1812
War produced feelings of patriotism in Americans for standing up to the mighty British
During the war effects:
American manufacturers produced more to replace goods that could not be imported.

40. War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans –
A month after the Treaty of Ghent, not knowing about the treaty
Andrew Jackson defends New Orleans from an invading British Army.
Jackson gains popularity nationwide as a result.

41. Results of the War of 1812
P- Patriotism/Nationalism E- Economic Boost T- Trade Increases M- Manufacturing Increases En- End of the war and Britain fully recognizes U.S. as independent nation

42. Results of the War of 1812
For a short time after the war, there were no political parties and the nation united.
This was known as the Era of Good Feelings.