1. Short Story Elements Mrs. Stone
CC RL – Character’s advancement of plot and theme.
CC RL – Figurative and Connotative word meaning and effect on tone.

2. Characters
Protagonist
Antagonist
Dynamic
Static
Round
Flat

3. Characterization – how readers learn about characters
Direct
what the author tells us about the character’s personality
Indirect
what the character …
does
says
thinks
what the other characters say about him or her

4. Characterization Show and Tell
Direct  Tell
Peter was very lazy, and would never do more than was absolutely necessary.
Indirect  Show
Peter was bored with the TV show, but the remote control was across the room, so he just watched it anyway. Jan would be in soon, and she could fetch the remote control for him then.

5. Plot
Climax: the turning point, the most intense moment—either mentally or in action
Rising Action: the series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax
Falling Action: event/complication begin to resolve.
Exposition: the start of the story, the situation before the action starts
Resolution: the conclusion, the tying together of all of the threads

6. Setting  time and place
Functions of setting:
background for action
establishing the mood or atmosphere
developing the main character
setting as antagonist
emphasizing the theme

7. Irony Isn’t it ironic? Verbal Situational Dramatic Type Definition
Example
Verbal
the contrast between what is said and what is meant.
Sarcasm
Way to go, genius!
Great! I failed!
Situational
the contrast between what happens and what was expected.
is often humorous (ex. when a prank backfires on the prankster)
Dramatic
the contrast between what the character thinks to be true and what we (the reader) know to be true. 
Sometimes we know more than what a character knows.  Because we know something they don’t, we read to see how the character will react when he or she learns the truth what we know.
Criminal Minds.
When we know “who did it” and the investigators don’t. Or
When we know a character is walking into a prank.

8. Tone  Author’s attitude toward the subject Mood  feeling or atmosphere Author’s Purpose the author’s reason for writing

9. Conflict Internal External Human v. self Human v. human
Human v. society
Human v. nature
Human v. fate
Human v. technology
Human v. supernatural

10. Conflict

11. Point of view 3rd Omniscient The narrator is a character in the story.
1st Person
The narrator is a character in the story.
3rd Objective
The narrator is outside of the story looking in.
But he/she can only report what they see and hear for themselves.
3rd Limited
The narrator is outside of the story looking in.
He/she can report
what they see and hear for themselves
And the thoughts and actions of one character
3rd Omniscient
The narrator is outside of the story looking in.
He/she can report
what they see and hear for themselves
And the thoughts and actions of all of the characters

12. Point of view 1st Person 3rd Objective 3rd Limited 3rd Omniscient
My sister and I went to the store!
3rd Objective
She and her sister went to the store; the cashier was helpful.
3rd Limited
She and her sister went to the store and she thought the cashier was friendly.
3rd Omniscient
She and her sister went to the store; they both thought the cashier was friendly. The stock boy was working in the back while they shopped.

13. Theme
a statement about life that the author is communicating through the selection. It is the message that unifies the work. Main idea of the work.
Stated  obvious or clear themes. Sometimes the author tells us the lesson character learned in life.
Implied  Reader must use clues in the story to find the theme
Universal Themes that are common to most human situations

14. Symbolism

15. Author’s Purpose Flashback Foreshadowing
His or her reason for writing – to entertain, to inform, to persuade, etc.
A scene from the past interjected into the current plotline
A hint of things to come

16. Imagery `
This is BORING without IMAGERY 
Grandmother Workman reached over and grabbed her grandson's arm. He was nervous because the staircase was so steep, but she leaned against him and they began to climb.
So let’s add Imagery

17. Grandmother Workman lurched over and grabbed the pale skin of Randal's thin forearm with her leathery hand. The folds and creases beneath her skin coiled themselves out like electrical wiring, like the bloated, roughly-textured relief map of the world that his mother just posted above his bedside table. Randal looked ahead toward the winding spiral staircase, fidgeted with a small hole in his baseball jersey, and bit his lip. His mouth filled with the sweet, coppery taste of blood as she leaned in closely toward him, breathing her hot breath on the damp hair at the base of his neck. She smelled of wet cigarettes and bacon. As they slowly climbed the long, steep staircase, the only sound was his grandmothers' labored breathing and the mournful creak of the wooden stairs.