1. Global 9 Midterm Review

2. 5 Themes of Geography Movement Region Human-Environment Interactions
Location
Place

3. Primary & Secondary Source
Primary source – a historical document, source is from a time and place in history (journal, art, video footage)
Secondary source – created about a historical time period (textbook, documentary)

4. Bias
Influence that one’s perspective has on their opinion

5. Social Scientists
Archaeologist – studies the physical artifacts of culture
Geographer – studies how people interact with surroundings
Economist – studies how people use resources
Anthropologist – studies early human beings and societies

6. Neolithic Revolution
Change from nomadic herding/hunting & gathering to settled farming
People settled down
Civilizations formed
Job specialization

7. Mary Leakey
Archaeologist who found the fossil remains of a common ancestor of apes and humans
Found remains of early humans in East Africa

8. River Valley Civilizations (cradles of civilization)
Mesopotamia – Tigris/Euphrates Rivers, “Fertile Crescent”, irrigation
Sumer – also in Fertile Crescent, Writing = cuneiform, buildings = ziggurats
Babylon – Hammurabi’s Code (“eye for an eye”)
Phoenician – “Transmitters of civilization”, cultural diffusion, traded by water
Egypt – Nile River (silt), writing = heiroglyphics, pyramids, created paper from papyrus
Ancient India – Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had urban planning, monsoons affected agriculture
Ancient China – Yellow River (Huang He), oracle bones (priests interpreted cracks)

9. Hinduism India No founder
Caste system, reincarnation, karma, dharma, moksha
Texts: Vedas, Upanishades, Mahabharata (Bhagavad Gita)

10. Buddhism India Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama)
Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path, reincarnation, nirvana
Text: Tipitaka (Three Baskets of Wisdom)

11. Animism
Africa
None
Spirits in nature

12. Shintoism
Japan
None
Spirits in nature (kami)

13. Confucianism China Confucius Filial piety, 5 relationships
The Analects

14. Legalism China Han Fei, but used by Shi Huangdi
Very strict laws and punishments for breaking them
None

15. Daoism China Lao-Tsu The way of the universe, “go with the flow”
Dao De Jing

16. Christianity Middle East Jesus Christ
One God, Jesus is his son, Jesus gave his life to save humanity, Ten Commandments
Bible

17. Judaism Middle East Abraham One God, Jews must be faithful to him
Torah

18. Islam
Middle East
Muhammad
5 Pillars of Islam
Koran (Quran)

19. Ancient Greece
Geography – mountainous (caused isolated city-states), surrounded by water (Mediterranean Sea)
Athens – direct democracy, arts were valued
Sparta – militaristic culture, military/athletics valued, oligarchy
Pericles – “Father of Democracy” from Greece
Contributions – architecture (columns), sculpture, democracy, math (geometry), philosophy

20. Ancient Rome
Roman Republic – representative government (two consuls, Senate, judges)
Law code = 12 Tables
Pax Romana achievements – concrete, amphitheater, aqueducts, sewers, census, roads
Fall of Rome – internal (lack of loyalty, loss of interest in government affairs, economic problems) and external factors (invasions from foreign tribes)

21. Byzantine Empire
Achievements – preserved Greco-Roman culture, Cyrillic alphabet, architecture (Hagia Sophia, Hippodrome), Eastern Orthodox religion (cultural diffusion to Russia)
Justinian – important emperor, created Justinian’s Code (laws)

22. Mauryan Empire (India)
Ashoka – Buddhist king who expanded and unified empire. Rock and Pillar Edicts = government policies on Buddhist teachings

23. Gupta Empire
Achievements: sculpture, universities, math, literature, astronomy, medicine, painting, metalwork
Golden Age! Good things happened.

24. Qin Dynasty Shi Huangdi – used Legalism (harsh rules & punishments)
Reorganized government, made nobles live at court, built Great Wall, repaired roads and canals, forced peasants to work and join military, standardized measurements

25. Han Dynasty
The Han built many roads to connect their empire (just like the Romans)
Achievements: Silk/Silk Road, paper, compass, art, civil service exam

26. Bantu Migration Migration = large scale movement of people
Why? Tribal wars, needed new land for agriculture (not enough resources/desertification), wanted to avoid slavery
Effects = Cultural diffusion, more people, more agriculture
Desertification = land turning into desert 

27. Early African Kingdoms
Gold and salt!
Mansa Musa was a Muslim from Mali who went to Mecca

28. Spread of Islam/Islamic Caliphates
Umayyad and Abbasid families ruled after the “rightly guided” caliphs
Achievements: Medicine, philosophy, art, math, astronomy (Golden Age!)

29. Tang and Song Dynasties
Achievements: Printing, gunpowder, the compass, Confucianism, civil service exam, art