1. DIGESTION process includes… -HYDROLYSIS -NUTRIENT ABSORPTION

2. What is hydrolysis? How can enzymes assist in digestion?
Quick review…
What is hydrolysis?
HYDROLYSIS:
The process of BREAKING bonds in polymers, forming monomers. Occurs by adding water.
ENZYMES:
Catalysts that speed up the process of chemical reactions.
What is the function of enzymes?
Enzymes will assist in hydrolysis of all biomolecules in our food, allowing digestion to happen efficiently!
How can enzymes assist in digestion?

3. Remember levels of organization?
Digestive System
Remember levels of organization?
Where are we now?
Atom  Molecule  Macromolecule  Organelle  Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism!

4. FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
process by which macromolecule polymers are broken down into their smallest parts (monomers) so the body can absorb and utilize them

5. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Digestive Tract (Alimentary Canal):
1. Mouth and pharynx
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small Intestine
5. Large Intestine
6. Rectum
7. Anus
Accessory Organs (helpers):
A. Salivary Glands
B. Liver
C. Gall Bladder
D. Pancreas

6. Remember… Starches are complex carbohydrates!
MOUTH
digestion begins here
1. Physical/Mechanical Digestion= Chewing
2. Chemical Digestion=
Saliva has AMYLASE, an enzyme that breaks down starch (polysaccharides) into smaller parts.

7. SALIVARY GLANDS TONGUE PHARYNX/EPIGLOGTTIS
Produce saliva (with amylase enzyme)
TONGUE
A muscle that pushes food back.
PHARYNX/EPIGLOGTTIS
OPENING IN THE “THROAT”/SMALL FLAP OF SKIN THAT KEEPS FOOD FROM ENTERING THE LUNGS.

8. ESOPHAGUS
Connects mouth to stomach
Peristalsis: muscle contractions that move food down.

9. The stomach and mouth have both mechanical and chemical digestion.
1. Physical/mechanical digestion:
muscle churning
2. Chemical digestion:
Pepsin-enzyme breaks down proteins
Hydrochloric Acid
Food leaves in a liquid form called chyme.
The stomach and mouth have both mechanical and chemical digestion.

10. LIVER GALLBLADDER GALLBLADDER DUCT
Produce bile:
a chemical that breaks lipids into fatty acids
GALLBLADDER
STORES THE BILE UNTIL IT IS RELEASED.
GALLBLADDER DUCT
RELEASES THE BILE INTO THE DUODENUM.

11. EX: LIPASE, PROTEASE, MALTASE, SUCRASE, LACTASE…
PANCREAS
SYNTHESIZES, OR BUILDS: HORMONES AND MANY ENZYMES RELEASED INTO THE DUODENUM.
EX: LIPASE, PROTEASE, MALTASE, SUCRASE, LACTASE…

12. DUODENUM
BEGINNING OF THE SMALL INTESTINES used to help break down remaining polymers
CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
Enzymes from the pancreas and gallbladder come flooding over the chyme.
Hydrolysis of the remaining biomolecule polymers happens here.

13. SMALL INTESTINE
NUTRIENTS (NOW MONOMERS) ARE ABSORBED BY THE SMALL INTESTINAL VILLI. 7 meters long!
The villi takes nutrients through the blood to cells of the body.

14. LARGE INTESTINE RECTUM AND ANUS
WATER IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD STREAM, LEAVING ONLY SOLID WASTE.
RECTUM
AND ANUS
REMOVES WASTE.

15. APPENDIX SMALL EXTENSION OF THE LARGE INTESTINES.
Thought to have had a digestive purpose in our ancestors.

16. The End