1. Muscles & Movement The Muscular System

2. Functions of the Muscles
What is the major function of the muscles?
Movement – walking, running, etc.
Digest Food
Pumps blood throughout your body
Provide stability
Movement of substances (ie: urine)
Help control body temperature

3. Muscle Types

4. Skeletal Muscles Provide movement Help maintain posture
Protect internal organs
Produce heat and energy for the body

5. Muscle Types Voluntary - muscles can be contracted at will
Skeletal – helps us get through our environment safely and successfully (voluntary movement)
Involuntary - muscles govern movement that is not controlled by will, such as respiration and digestion.
Cardiac – responsible for pumping blood through little tubes known as blood vessels (involuntary movement)
Smooth – responsible for filling and emptying blood vessels and all hollow organs, plus they control the movement of air through the bronchi tubes. (involuntary movement)

6. Movement takes place at the joint and uses the:
Muscles
Ligaments
Tendons

7. Bursa
a sac lined with a synovial membrane that helps the movement of joints

8. Musculoskeletal Structure
Tendons – anchor muscles to bone
Bursas – lie between some tendons and the bones beneath them. Bursas are lined with synovial fluid – making it easier for the tendon to slide over a bone when the tendon shortens
Ligaments – binds bone to bone, to limit motion

9. Musculoskeletal Structure
What would the term be for inflammation of the bursa?
What would the term be for inflammation of a tendon?

10. Skeletal Muscles:
Keep in mind that voluntary movement requires three main systems
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous

11. Muscle Rules: Rule #1 Muscles must have at least 2 attachments
Muscles must cross at least one joint
Rule #2
To produce movement, muscles ALWAYS pull and get shorter.
Which attachment is moving to the other? Is the proximal attachment moving to the distal or is the distal moving to the proximal?
Have students spread their left hand out s if they were going to shake hands. With the right hand, identify that the thumb will represent one attachment and the fingers will represent the other attachment. The left hand will be their “muscle”. Students will hold their right hand out palm up. Students now place the “left hand” muscle over the wrist of the right hand. The thumb will be above the wrist (proximal) and the fingers will be on the palm (distal). Have the students notice how their “left hand” muscle crosses over the wrist and has 2 attachments (They are acting out rule # 1!) Have the students relocate their” left hand” muscle onto their right wrist again. Students state rule #2 out loud with you as they pull with their distal attachment (fingers). This causes the palm of the hand to come towards the fore arm. Look at how your fingers (distal attachment) came closer to your thumb (proximal attachment). Muscles pull and get shorter!!

12. Muscle Rules:
The attachment that remains in its “original” position is known as the ORIGIN. This attachment anchors the muscle!
The distal attachment (the one that is moving – or pulling) is the INSERTION.

13. Muscle cell = Muscle fiber
Can one muscle fiber be strong enough to pull on the wrist and bring it up?
Fascicle - “TEAM Fascicle”
Muscle fibers with buddies
Can generate more pull
Connective Tissue – Fascicle needs connective tissue support so that is can work together more efficiently
Perimysium – Peri = ?
Hand each student a bundle of spaghetti and a large (about 12” x 18-24”) piece of cellophane (Glad Wrap). Have them place all the strands of spaghetti on top of the cellophane, on their desk except for one. Explain that this one strand of spaghetti represents a muscle cell or fiber. (Muscle cells are known as muscle fibers.) Using rule #1, place the one strand over the wrist into the palm of the hand. It has 2 attachments and crosses one joint. Can one muscle fiber (one strand) be strong enough to pull on the wrist and bring it up? (No it needs help the muscle cell needs “friends” or more cells to help it!) Have students grab the entire bundle of spaghetti on their desk and place the bundle where it will one again represent rule #1. Say to the students – “Now the muscle fiber has buddies that can help generate more pull. They form a team known as a ‘fascicle’ ‘TEAM FASICICLE’! Look at how the muscle fibers are pointing to the attachments. Tell the students: “The fascicle needs connective tissue support so that it can work together more efficiently.” Have the students place their bundle of spaghetti parallel to the longer edge of the cellophane wrap. The strands should be on the edge nearest the student, positioned where there are equal amounts of cellophane at each end. Students now roll the fascicle of strands in the cellophane by rolling the strands away from themselves. (Do not worry about wrinkles in the cellophane.) Students have built a muscle fascicle that has connective tissue (CT) support around it. This CT wrapping is known as the perimysium. Place the spaghetti from forearm to wrist (normal position) as you move to the next slide.

14. Find: The two attachments of the fascicle
Notice that the muscle cells are ALWAYS pointing to the attachments
Notice how you can still see the muscle fibers through the Connective Tissue (CT)

15. Muscle Rules:
Rule #3
Muscles fibers or “striations” ALWAYS POINT to their attachments and show the direction of pull.

16. Spaghetti:
Even though one fascicle can pull on the attachment, one “team fascicle” cannot produce a tremendous amount of force. There needs to be many teams working together to get force and power to maintain stability in joints and forceful movements.
Epimysium – connective tissue that hold a bunch of fascicles together
Give each table or row of (3-4 students) students one large piece of cellophane. Each student adds their fascicle to the large piece of cellophane. Students should figure out that the fascicles will line up side by side give them a moment to see if they can come up with this on their own. Students should roll the single piece of cellophane around all the fascicles. This outer cellophane is known as the epimysium (remind students that epi- sits on top of something)

17. Belly of the Muscle: Tendon Dense Regular CT Belly
The areas where the muscle fibers end and the CT continue are tendons. Have the students pull on the ends of the cellophane “tendons”. This is great because the students can see that the CT continues all the way through the muscle!
Tendon
Dense Regular CT
Belly

18. Belly of the Muscle: Epimysium – epi = ?, myo = ?
Sometimes also called Fascia = Epimysium
Fascicle – covered by
Perimysium
Students slowly unwrap the epimysium off their spaghetti muscle and notice the several fascicles, which the students have come to know as a tem of muscle fibers. Around each fascicle, students identify that this CT wrap is known as Perimysium (peri – around). Students slowly unwrap one of the fascicles and pull out one strand of spaghetti. The covering on this muscle fiber is Endomysium (endo – inside) .
Tendon
Muscle Fiber
covered by Endomysium
Endo = ?
Dense Regular CT
Belly

20. Muscle Rules: Rule #1 Rule #2 Rule #3
Muscles must have at least two attachments cross at least one joint.
Rule #2
Muscles can only “pull” and get shorter.
Rule #3
Muscles fibers or “striations” ALWAYS POINT to their attachments and show the direction of pull.

21. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location:
Ventral
Ventral Side of the Forearm
When a muscle moves ventral to ventral it is a FLEXOR! (The angle between the ventral sides is decreased)

22. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location:
Because muscles can only pull, how can you get your wrist back from flexion?
Show me where would you place your left hand muscles to do this?
Have students SHOW you and not tell you that the left hand muscle must go on the other side (dorsal side) of the hand.

23. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location:
Dorsal
Muscles that move the dorsal side towards the dorsal side are know as EXTENSORS!

24. What Muscles Do
Skeletal muscles work in pairs to produce movement.

25. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location:
Reach and touch the back of your neck. This is the Dorsal side. (sharks have a dorsal fin)
The back of your torso and arms are the Dorsal side (darker side).
Have the students make a peace sign.

26. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location:
What about the legs?
The Ventral/Dorsal relationship is about movement and not based on the standard Anatomical Position – the legs are special.
Look at this picture of the frog. Notice how the legs are white (ventral side).

27. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location:.
Look at this picture of the frog. Notice how the legs are white (ventral side).

28. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location:
Summary
The Ventral side rotates to the back at the hips and the dorsal side is rotated to the front.
Place your right hand on your chest and your left hand on the back of your left leg.
These areas are the VENTRAL side of the body!
Ventral side has FLEXORS only.
Dorsal side is where EXTENSORS are located!
Fetal position is FLEXION! (Flexion is the ventral side of the body.)
Have the students act our the fetal position on their feet. Fetal position is FLEXION! (This will help students to remember the ventral sides of the body.)

29. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
Arms are positioned to have the thumbs outward (pointing lateral/outward)
Anterior (the front of the body) & Posterior (back of the body)
Ventral & Dorsal
Most directional terms relate to what is known as “Standard Anatomical Position” where the arms are positioned to have the thumbs outward (pointing lateral/outward). This position is based on cadaver dissection and not movement.

30. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
The Sternum
Anterior side in anatomical position
Ventral side of the body also
These are all flexors

31. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
The Legs (Front of the Thigh)
Anterior side in anatomical position
Dorsal side of the body also
These muscles are extensors

32. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
Anterior is not the same thing as Ventral
One set of terms is based on location on a still (non- moving figure)
One set of terms is based on movement

33. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
Place your hand in the middle of your back.
Using the anatomical position, what side of the body is this?

34. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
Place your hand in the middle of your back.
Using the anatomical position, what side of the body is this?
Posterior

35. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
What side of the body is this using movement?

36. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
What side of the body is this using movement?
Dorsal, and these are extensors

37. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
Place your hand on the back of your thigh.
Using the anatomical position, what side of the body is this?

46. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
Place your hand on the back of your thigh.
Using the anatomical position, what side of the body is this?
Posterior

47. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
Keep your hand on the back of your thigh and flex your knee.
Based on movement, what side of the body is this?

48. Anatomical Position Not about MOVEMENT
Keep your hand on the back of your thigh and flex your knee.
Based on movement, what side of the body is this?
Ventral, and these are flexors

49. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location: Exceptions to the rules.
Hip Flexion – dorsal side of the leg, up to the ventral torso

50. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location: Exceptions to the rules.
Hip Extension – ventral side of the leg, up to the dorsal side of the torso

51. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location: Exceptions to the rules.
Dorsiflexion (dorsiextension) – dorsal side of the foot up to the dorsal side of the lower leg

52. Identification of Muscle Movement & Location: Exceptions to the rules.
Plantar Flexion – plantar side of the foot flexes to the ventral side of the lower leg

53. Muscles work in opposing pairs
If a muscle can flex (ventral location) a joint, then there is an opposite muscle on the other side that extends the joint (dorsal location).
If there is a muscle that rotates a joint one way, then there has to be a muscle on the opposite side that will rotate the muscle back (ie: supinator rotates the palm up and pronator rotates the palm down)

54. Muscle Names What does the name tell us?
If the name of a bone or regional area of the body is used in the first part of the muscles name or is the muscle’s name, THAT IS THE MUSCLE’S ORIGIN!

55. Muscle Names Example: Sternocleidomastoid
STERNO = sternum and the CLEIDO = clavicle (origins)
MASTOID = ma mstoid process of the temporal bone (insertion)
This muscle gives its attachments.

56. Muscle Names Sometimes muscles are named after their job.
Flexor Pollicus Longus tells that the muscle flexes the thumb (it is on the ventral side of the body and it is a flexor)
Sometimes muscles are named by their shape or location in the body.
Rhomboid muscles are rhomboid (oblique parallelogram) shape and Tibialis Anterior tells us that the muscle is located on the front of the tibia.

57. Review .

58. Smooth Muscles ___________________ are involuntary muscles.
Muscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageways and the hollow internal organs

59. Cardiac Muscle
______________________ is involuntary and is responsible for the contraction of your heart. Your heart beats 100,000 times each day.
A type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart .

60. Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal, and almost all _________________ are under voluntary control.
muscles
Muscles attached to bone that cause body movements

61. Caring for Your Muscles
Get regular exercise.
Eat high protein foods to build muscle.
Practice good posture to strengthen back muscles.
Use proper equipment and wear appropriate clothing to protect muscles during any physical activity.
Warm up properly and stretch before exercising, and cool down after exercising to prevent injury.