1. Muscular System Notes
Part 5

2. Types of Body Movements
Muscles are attached to no less than two points
Origin – The attachment to the immovable or less movable bone
Insertion – The attachment to the movable bone
When the muscle contracts the insertion moves towards the origin

3. Common Types of Body Movements
Flexion – A movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together
Example – Bending the knee or elbow, bending forward at the hip

4. Common Types of Body Movements
Extension – Opposite of flexion; Movement that increases the angle, or the distance, between two bones or parts of the body
Example – Straightening the knee or elbow
If extension is greater than degrees, it is hyperextension

5. Common Types of Body Movements
Rotation – The movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Common movement of ball-and socket joints
Example – Movement of the atlas around the dens of the axis (as in shaking your head “no”)

6. Common Types of Body Movements
Abduction – The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
Example – Moving your leg laterally away from your body; Also applies to the fanning movement of the fingers and toes when they are spread apart

7. Common Types of Body Movements
Adduction – Opposite of abduction; The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
Example – Moving your leg medially toward your body

8. Special Types of Body Movements
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion – Up and down movements of the foot at the ankle
Dorsiflexion – Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin (standing on your heels)
Plantar Flexion – Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

9. Special Types of Body Movements
Inversion and Eversion – Also special movements of the foot
Inversion – The turning of the sole medially
Eversion – The turning of the sole laterally

10. Special Types of Body Movements
Supination and Pronation – Refer to movements of the radius around the ulna
Supination – Movement that occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly, and the radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation – Movement that occurs when the forearm rotates medially so that the palm faces posteriorly, and the radius and ulna form an “X”

11. Special Types of Body Movements
Opposition – Refers to the action of the saddle joint between metacarpal 1 and the carpals; The action by which you move your thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers on the same hand
It is this unique action that makes the human hand such a fine tool for grasping and manipulating things

12. Types of Muscles
Muscles can’t push, they can only pull as they contract.
Most often body movements are the result of the activity of two or more muscles acting together or against each other.
Muscles are arranged in such a way that whatever one muscle can do, other muscles can reverse.

13. Types of Muscles Muscles work in pairs:
Prime Mover – The muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement
Antagonist – Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
When a prime mover is active, its antagonist is stretched and relaxed.
Antagonists can be movers in their own right
For example, the biceps of the arm (prime mover of elbow flexion) is antagonized by the triceps (a prime mover of elbow extension).

14. Types of Muscles
Synergists – Help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements
When a muscle crosses two or more joints, its contraction will cause movement in all joints crossed unless synergists are there to stabilize them.
Example – The finger-flexor muscles cross both the wrist and the finger joints. You can make a fist without bending your wrist because synergist muscles stabilize the wrist joints and allow the prime mover to act on the finger joints.

15. Types of Muscles
Fixators – Specialized synergists; Hold bones still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone
Examples –
The postural muscles that stabilize the vertebral column
The muscles that anchor the scapula to the thorax

16. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Muscles are named on the basis of several criteria:
Direction of muscle fibers
Rectus (straight) – Its fibers run parallel to that imaginary line
Oblique (slanted) – Its fibers run slanted to the imaginary line
Relative size of the muscle
Maximus (largest), Minimus (smallest), Longus (long)
For example, the gluteus maximus is the largest muscle of the gluteus muscle group

17. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Muscles are named on the basis of several criteria:
Location of the skull
Some muscles are named for the bone with which they are associated
For example, the temporalis and the frontalis muscles overlie the temporal and frontal bones of the skull

18. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Muscles are named on the basis of several criteria:
Number of origins
When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle name, one can assume that the muscle has 2, 3, or 4 origins, respectively.
For example, the biceps muscle of the arm has two heads, or origins, and the triceps muscle has three.

19. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Muscles are named on the basis of several criteria:
Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
Occasionally, muscles are named for their attachment sites.
For example, the sternocleidomastoid muscle has its origin on the sternum (sterno) and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone

20. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Muscles are named on the basis of several criteria:
Shape of the muscle
Some muscles have a distinctive shape that helps to identify them
For example, the deltoid muscle is roughly triangular (deltoid means triangular)

21. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Muscles are named on the basis of several criteria:
Action of the muscle
When muscles are named for their actions, terms such as flexor, extensor, and adductor appear in their names.
Examples - The adductor muscles of the thigh all bring about its adduction; The extensor muscles of the wrist all extend the wrist