2. What is the major function of the muscles? Movement – walking, running, etc. Digest Food Pumps blood throughout your body Provide stability Movement of substances (ie: urine) Help control body temperature

3. Provide movement Help maintain posture Protect internal organs Produce heat and energy for the body

4. Muscle Types

5. Voluntary - muscles can be contracted at will Skeletal – helps us get through our environment safely and successfully (voluntary movement) Involuntary - muscles govern movement that is not controlled by will, such as respiration and digestion. Cardiac – responsible for pumping blood through little tubes known as blood vessels (involuntary movement) Smooth – responsible for filling and emptying blood vessels and all hollow organs, plus they control the movement of air through the bronchi tubes. (involuntary movement)

6. Muscles Ligaments Tendons

7. a sac lined with a synovial membrane that helps the movement of joints

8. Tendons – anchor muscles to bone Bursas – lie between some tendons and the bones beneath them. Bursas are lined with synovial fluid – making it easier for the tendon to slide over a bone when the tendon shortens Ligaments – binds bone to bone, to limit motion

9. What would the term be for inflammation of the bursa? What would the term be for inflammation of a tendon?

10. Keep in mind that voluntary movement requires three main systems Skeletal Muscular Nervous

11. Rule #1 Muscles must have at least 2 attachments Muscles must cross at least one joint Rule #2 To produce movement, muscles ALWAYS pull and get shorter. Which attachment is moving to the other? Is the proximal attachment moving to the distal or is the distal moving to the proximal?

12. The attachment that remains in its “original” position is known as the ORIGIN. This attachment anchors the muscle! The distal attachment (the one that is moving – or pulling) is the INSERTION.

13. Muscle cell = Muscle fiber Can one muscle fiber be strong enough to pull on the wrist and bring it up? Fascicle - “TEAM Fascicle” Muscle fibers with buddies Can generate more pull Connective Tissue – Fascicle needs connective tissue support so that is can work together more efficiently Perimysium – Peri = ?

14. Find: The two attachments of the fascicle Notice that the muscle cells are ALWAYS pointing to the attachments Notice how you can still see the muscle fibers through the Connective Tissue (CT)

15. Rule #3 Muscles fibers or “striations” ALWAYS POINT to their attachments and show the direction of pull.

16. Even though one fascicle can pull on the attachment, one “team fascicle” cannot produce a tremendous amount of force. There needs to be many teams working together to get force and power to maintain stability in joints and forceful movements. Epimysium – connective tissue that hold a bunch of fascicles together

17. Tendon Dense Regular CT Belly

18. Tendon Dense Regular CT Belly Epimysium – epi = ?, myo = ? Sometimes also called Fascia = Epimysium Fascicle – covered by Perimysium Muscle Fiber covered by Endomysium Endo = ?

20. Rule #1 Muscles must have at least two attachments cross at least one joint. Rule #2 Muscles can only “pull” and get shorter. Rule #3 Muscles fibers or “striations” ALWAYS POINT to their attachments and show the direction of pull.

21. Ventral Ventral Side of the Forearm When a muscle moves ventral to ventral it is a FLEXOR! (The angle between the ventral sides is decreased)

22. Because muscles can only pull, how can you get your wrist back from flexion? Show me where would you place your left hand muscles to do this?

23. Dorsal Muscles that move the dorsal side towards the dorsal side are know as EXTENSORS!

24. Skeletal muscles work in pairs to produce movement.

25. “V” is for Ventral (peace sign on chest) Ventral side will be lighter then the Dorsal side This is the theme throughout the animal kingdom. When you give a peace sign, the “V” represents ventral, b/c you present the ventral side of your arm. Reach and touch the back of your neck. This is the Dorsal side. (sharks have a dorsal fin) The back of your torso and arms are the Dorsal side (darker side).

26. What about the legs? The Ventral/Dorsal relationship is about movement and not based on the standard Anatomical Position – the legs are special.

27. .

28. Frog Position Stand up and turn your knees and toes outward Place your hands on the inside of your legs, now become a biped by rotating your knees and toes inward. Your hands rotate towards the back... So the VENTRAL SIDE ROTATES BACK WHEN YOU BECOME A BIPED.

29. Frog Position (become the frog again) Stand up and turn your knees and toes outward Place your hands on the outside of your legs, rotate your legs back in and notice how your hands rotate to the front. This is the Dorsal side rotating to the front... So the DORSAL SIDE ROTATES FORWARD WHEN YOU BECOME A BIPED.

30. Summary The Ventral side rotates to the back at the hips and the dorsal side is rotated to the front. Place your right hand on your chest and your left hand on the back of your left leg. These areas are the VENTRAL side of the body! Ventral side has FLEXORS only. Dorsal side is where EXTENSORS are located! Fetal position is FLEXION! (Flexion is the ventral side of the body.)

31. Arms are positioned to have the thumbs outward (pointing lateral/outward) Anterior (the front of the body) & Posterior (back of the body) Ventral & Dorsal

32. The Sternum Anterior side in anatomical position Ventral side of the body also These are all flexors

33. The Legs (Front of the Thigh) Anterior side in anatomical position Dorsal side of the body also These muscles are extensors

34. Anterior is not the same thing as Ventral One set of terms is based on location on a still (non- moving figure) One set of terms is based on movement

35. Place your hand in the middle of your back. Using the anatomical position, what side of the body is this?

36. Place your hand in the middle of your back. Using the anatomical position, what side of the body is this? Posterior

37. What side of the body is this using movement?

38. Dorsal, and these are extensors

39. Place your hand on the back of your thigh. Using the anatomical position, what side of the body is this?

40. Place your hand on the back of your thigh. Using the anatomical position, what side of the body is this? Posterior

41. Keep your hand on the back of your thigh and flex your knee. Based on movement, what side of the body is this?

42. Keep your hand on the back of your thigh and flex your knee. Based on movement, what side of the body is this? Ventral, and these are flexors

43. Hip Flexion – dorsal side of the leg, up to the ventral torso

44. Hip Extension – ventral side of the leg, up to the dorsal side of the torso

45. Dorsiflexion (dorsiextension) – dorsal side of the foot up to the dorsal side of the lower leg

46. Plantar Flexion – plantar side of the foot flexes to the ventral side of the lower leg

47. If a muscle can flex (ventral location) a joint, then there is an opposite muscle on the other side that extends the joint (dorsal location). If there is a muscle that rotates a joint one way, then there has to be a muscle on the opposite side that will rotate the muscle back (ie: supinator rotates the palm up and pronator rotates the palm down)

48. What does the name tell us? If the name of a bone or regional area of the body is used in the first part of the muscles name or is the muscle’s name, THAT IS THE MUSCLE’S ORIGIN!

49. Example: Sternocleidomastoid STERNO = sternum and the CLEIDO = clavicle (origins) MASTOID = ma mstoid process of the temporal bone (insertion) This muscle gives its attachments.

50. Sometimes muscles are named after their job. Flexor Pollicus Longus tells that the muscle flexes the thumb (it is on the ventral side of the body and it is a flexor) Sometimes muscles are named by their shape or location in the body. Rhomboid muscles are rhomboid (oblique parallelogram) shape and Tibialis Anterior tells us that the muscle is located on the front of the tibia.

51. .

52. ___________________ are involuntary muscles. Muscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageways and the hollow internal organs Smooth Muscles

53. A type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart. ______________________ is involuntary and is responsible for the contraction of your heart. Your heart beats 100,000 times each day. Cardiac Muscle

54. Muscles attached to bone that cause body movements Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal, and almost all _________________ are under voluntary control. muscles

55. Warm up properly and stretch before exercising, and cool down after exercising to prevent injury. Use proper equipment and wear appropriate clothing to protect muscles during any physical activity. Practice good posture to strengthen back muscles. Eat high protein foods to build muscle. Get regular exercise.