2. WHI.7 Byzantine Empire Dates: 330 B.C.E. (Constantinople founded) 
1453 C.E. (Fall to Ottoman Turks)
Location: Present day areas of Greece, Turkey and some parts of Russia

3. I. REASONS for the DECLINE of the “WESTERN EMPIRE” (in Rome)
a. Economy
The cost of defending the empire
Devaluation of money
b. Military
The Legion weakened with more foreigners in the army (mercenaries)
c. Moral Decay
Less emphasis on the family
People lost faith in the superiority of Rome

4. I. REASONS for the DECLINE of the “WESTERN EMPIRE” (in Rome)
d. Politics
Civil wars
e. Invasions
Barbarian tribes invaded the border of the empire (Huns & Visigoths)

5. II. Solutions to Rome’s Decline:
a. The Eastern Roman Empire was founded by Emperor Diocletian when he split the old Roman Empire into two halves to try to stop its decline.
b. The Roman Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium and named it Constantinople (present day Istanbul), which was located in the Eastern Roman Empire.

6. III. Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
a. CONSTANTINOPLE was a good location because ………….. PACE
 Protection of the eastern frontier

7. III. Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
 Away from Germanic invasions that plagued the Western Roman Empire

8. III. Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
 Crossroads of trade routes (controlled waters between the Black and Med. Seas)

9. III. Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
 Easily fortified on a peninsula & bordered a natural harbor

10. The ……Black Sea’s connected to the Marmara Sea,
Marmara Sea’s connected to the Aegean Sea,
Aegean Sea’s connected to Med Sea,
and they’re connected by the Straits B & D!
Sing it with me!!!!

11. b. CROSSROADS OF TRADE
 goods exchanged between Europe, Asia, and Africa (silk and paper from China)
 taxes on trade and industry provided money for the government

12. c. ROLE OF CONSTANTINOPLE
 Seat of the Byzantine Empire until the Ottoman Turks conquered the city in 1453 C.E.; they renamed it Istanbul
 Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture: Cultural Melting Pot (Roman law, Greek culture, and Orthodox Christianity)

13.  Center of Trade for the Byzantine Empire!

14. The Reign of Justinian (527-565 A.D. (C.E.)

15. I. Background born to peasants who worked their way into wealth
from Macedonia, north of Greece
educated under his uncle, Emperor Justin I
became emperor at age 44

16. II. Theodora: Justinian’s wife
she was an actress before she married Justinian their marriage was unusual, why?
encouraged laws giving women more rights
helped save his throne from revolt in 532 C.E.!!

17. III. Justinian’s influence on the Byzantine Empire
Codification of Roman law
appointed a commission to classify and categorize Roman law (3 million to 1 million words!)
known as the Corpus of Civil Law (aka the Justinian Code aka Codex Justinianus)
model for modern laws

18. III. Justinian’s influence on the Byzantine Empire
Reconquest of former Roman territories (Italy, southern Spain, and North Africa)
Wanted to regain lost land from Germanic invaders & restore glory of Rome
Reconquest was expensive and only lasted until after Justinian’s death; lost land again

19. III. Justinian’s influence on the Byzantine Empire
Expansion of trade made Empire wealthy! (silk from China)

20. and ……………Public Works Massive construction program building of Hagia Sophia

21. IV. Byzantine Empire’s most important emperor
Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western Europe.
Justinian’s military and legal successes restored some of the glory of ancient Rome.
Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity.

22. Byzantine Art and Architecture
The Greek Orthodox Church and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a unique style of art and architecture church and emperor inspired and paid for art!
Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire.

23. Byzantine achievements in art and architecture
Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power (emperor)

24. Icons (religious images)
Religious pictures on tiled mosaics or painted plaster
Led to some controversy in the early church

25. Mosaics in public and religious structures
Covered church walls
Pictures made of tiny pieces of colored glass, tile, or stone set in mortar

26. Mosaics

27. Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)
Byzantine domed church
Construction began in 532 CE (AD), completed in 5 years
Symbolized the importance of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Byzantine life
Portrayed the authority of Justinian and the Church in Byzantine life

28. Hagia Sophia (today it is a Muslim mosque)

29. Byzantine Cultural Contributions
Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman traditions
Greek language (contrasted with Latin in the West)

30. Greek Orthodox Christianity
Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries

31. The Great Schism (spilt of the Christian Church) 1054 C. E
The Great Schism (spilt of the Christian Church) 1054 C.E. Cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division.
Rome (west) Constantinople (east)

32. Split (schism)
Late 700s, Germanic Lombards invaded Italy, east did not help west
Pope in Rome asked for help from the Franks who defeated the invaders
As thanks, Pope crowned the Frankish king, Charlemagne, as the new Roman Emperor  made the east mad!!!
Other differences included language, icons, head of church
1054 CE (AD) a final, official split in the two churches (a schism)

33. Western Church Official Name: Roman Catholic Church Capital: Rome
Distance from imperial power (capital in Constantinople) : Farther
Language used in liturgy (church services): Latin
Disagreements: allowed icons, Pope is head of Church

34. Eastern Church Official Name: Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Church
Capital: Constantinople
Distance from imperial power (capital in Constantinople) : Closer
Language used in liturgy (church services): Greek
Disagreements: did not allow icons (allowed pictures later), did not recognize Pope’s authority over emperor

35. Characteristics Western Church Pope was the highest authority
Priests were celibate
Used Latin in liturgy
Centered in Rome
Eastern Church
Patriarch was the highest authority
Priests married
Used Greek in liturgy
Centered in Constantinople

36. The Rise of Russia
Overview The Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its religion, culture, and trade.

37. I. Decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire
After Justinian died in 565 C.E., Germanic, Slavic, and Persian invaders resumed attacks. By 700 C.E., the Byzantine Empire was only Constantinople and some Greek territories

38. A poor economy and years of fighting invaders weakened the Byzantine Empire
The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453 C.E. (renamed it Istanbul).

39. II. Importance of location for early Russia
Because of location, the Slavs had been in contact with the Byzantines since the 900s C.E.
Steppe (large plain north of the Black Sea) provided a natural highway for nomads
Network of rivers provided transportation and trade
Kiev became the center of trade among Vikings, Slavs, and Byzantines

40. III. Byzantine culture spreads to the East
After the fall of Constantinople, the leadership of the Eastern Orthodox world passed to the Slavs
Byzantine culture spread because of the trade routes linking the Baltic Sea and Black Sea Byzantine culture spread north!!!

41. Around 863 C.E., St. Cyril (Byzantine missionary) adapted the Greek alphabet to the Slavic language creating the Cyrillic language Slavs could now read the Bible!!!

42. Prince Vladimir adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 988 C. E
Prince Vladimir adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 988 C.E. Russia spread Christianity to the East

43. IV. Church architecture and religious art
Onion-shaped domed churches, modification of Byzantine domes
Icons and mosaics used as decorations for buildings

44. Onion-shaped Domes

45. V. Mongol Conquest
Golden Horde, led by Ghengis Khan, conquered early Russia (massive destruction of towns and population)
Russia was in a state of decline and cut off from Western Europe under Mongol rule

46. After Kiev was destroyed, Moscow grew in importance
The Mongols tolerated Eastern Orthodox Christianity, therefore the Church grew more powerful
Trade routes between China and Eastern Europe opened up

47. VI. Russia Emerges
Russian princes gained more power under Mongol rule as they adapted the Mongol leadership model of absolute rule
Ivan the Great rejected Mongol rule and reunited Russia

48. Taking the title of Czar, Ivan vowed to carry on the traditions of Rome and Constantinople
Moscow became the Russian capital and was known as the “Third Rome”

49. Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Russian Empire (First Rome)
(Second Rome)
Russian Empire
(Third Rome)