1. Why is Magnesium so darn important for plants?
It is an important cofactor for a water splitting enzyme in photosynthesis
It is need to open and close the stomata
It is found in urine and plants urinate dagnabit
It is found in the center of the chlorophyll molecule
It is a main component of amino acids
It is a component of phospholipids and nucleic acids.
This is just a memorization question straight from our ugly plant notes. You should know the purpose of all of the minerals that are being actively transported into the root!

2. I always think that that the molecular formula of chlorophyll looks like a flower with Magnesium in the middle!!!

3. A (cell type) B (cell type)
This perspective is like looking at the bottom part of a leaf. Cell A is a regular epidermal cell which makes a waxy cuticle. Cell B is one guard cell. Two guard cells are needed to create one stoma (“mouth”). The purpose of the guard cells are to regulate gas exchange in the leaf!!

4. A B Cell A = Sieve tube member Cell B = Companion cell
Both of these cells collectively make up phloem. You should know the purpose of phloem!

5. Another picture of phloem.
You should recognize that the companion cell has soo much more organelles that the sieve tube member. The companion cells help keep the membrane of the sieve-tube members intact. Without the companion cell, the sieve-tube member wouldn’t be alive!

6. 1. What Molecule is this thingy?
2. Where did da ugly plant get every single atom to build this bad boy??
ATP – duh!
You should be able to look at any molecule and explain how each atom got into a plant.
Nitrogen got into the plant from nitrate or ammonium in the soil (root)
Phosphorus got into the plant from phosphates in the soil (root)
Carbon is assimilated from CO2 in the air (leaf)
Oxygen is assimilated from CO2 in the air (leaf) or H2O from the soil (root)
Hydrogen is assimilate from H2) in the soil (root) not hydrogen gas you silly goose (then leaves would be explosive!!) wouldn’t that be fun!

7. What da Cell? Function of this cell?
Root hair cell
Increase surface area for actively transporting minerals and polyatomics

8. 2. What organ would this most likely be found in?
1. Purpose of this cell?
2. What organ would this most likely be found in?
3. Name of this cell?
Photosynthesize
Leaf
Palisade mesophyll cell

9. X is also a palisade mesophyll cell – main purpose is to photosynthesize

10. What the Cell? / What’s in the water balloonie thingy?
Function of the cell?
Trichome / Sticky or slippery substance which could also contain chemicals that are not enjoyed by insects
Prevents insects from eating the leaf

11. Why do plants love pot?
It is an important cofactor for an enzyme in photosynthesis
It is need to open and close the stomata
It is found in urine and plants urinate dagnabit
It is found in the center of the chlorophyll molecule
It is a main component of amino acids
It is a component of phospholipids and nucleic acids.
Potassium is K+
This is the main mineral that is needed to control water movement in the cells. It is also the mineral that regulates whether stoma are opened or closed.

12. When K+ goes out of the guard cells they are limp and the stoma is closed
When K+ does into the guard cells, water follows and the cells become shaped like a cashew which opens the stoma and allows gas to be exchanged.
You should know the 3 types of gas that are exchanged through the stoma (singular) / stomata (plural)

13. Why do plants need to acquire sulfur?
It is an important cofactor for an enzyme in photosynthesis
It is need to open and close the stomata
It is found in urine and plants urinate dagnabit
It is found in the center of the chlorophyll molecule
It is a main component of amino acids
It is a component of phospholipids and nucleic acids.
Remember proteins have big CHNOS’

14. Cysteine and Methionine

15. Why do plants need to acquire calcium?
Plant have bones dude!
It is need to open and close the stomata
Cows eat it! Cows need this atom to make milk!
It is a cofactor for an enzyme that builds cell wall.
It is a main component of amino acids
It is a component of phospholipids and nucleic acids.
Once again – just memorization from the ugly plant notes!!!!

16. What is this a cross section of?
Monocot root
Dicot root
Monocot stem
Dicot stem
Leaf
Uterus
Penis
Root there it is!
You are not responsible for know the difference between monocots or dicots!! But you should be able to recognize that this is a root cross section !!!
Table

17. Which area contains the Casparian Strip?1 2 5 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 = endoderm contains Casparian Strip – this is a waxy strip that forces all substances to travel through a membrane before entering the Xylem.
Table

18. Where might you find companion cells?1 2 5 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 = Phloem
Table

19. Which area is the cortex?1 2 5 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 2
Just area on the outside not including the dermal layer
Table

20. What is the purpose of the Endoderm?
Endoderm = forces all substances to go through a membrane before getting into the xylem

21. What are the three purposes of the Root Cortex Cell?
Actively transport minerals and polyatomics into the xylem
Actively transport sugars from the phloem out to other cells so they can undergo cellular respiration
Stores stuff example = starch

22. Good picture of the Casparian strip

23. Nice picture of a root

24. What is this? Cross section of a dicot stem
You should know the purpose of the stem!

25. Where would you find vessel elements?1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 = cells that make up xylem 5
Table

26. Which number represents ground tissue?1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 = ground tissue . This area is also called the pith in a stem. 5
Table

27. Which area is carrying sugar?1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 = phloem
It carries sugar, water, amino acids, hormones up down and all around! 5
Table

28. Check out the vascular bundles
Can you locate the fiber cells , phloem, xylem, pith ?
Where would vascular cambium be? What is its purpose?

30. What is this scary thang?
Monocot stem = like corn
There are monsters in the stem!! Oh No!
Each monster is a vascular bundle which contains a phloem brain , xylem eyes and fiber cells as hair (on head and beard!)

31. A = epidermis
B = phloem
C = xylem
D = ground tissue

32. I love monsters!

33. Monsters growing everywhere!!!!

34. Which cell is a palisade mesophyll cell?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 7 3 4 5
2 – located close to the top so it can catch some rays of sun!
Table 6

35. Which number represents phloem?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 7 3 4 5
7 = phloem
Usually xylem has thicker cells walls so because 4 has thicker cell walls in the vascular area, then 7 must be phloem. If this was a better picture, you would be able to see sieve tube members and companion cells
Table 6

36. Which cell produces cuticle?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 7 3 4 5
1 – epidermal cell in the leaf
Table 6

37. Which cell can respond to different times of the day and different wavelengths of light?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 7 3 4 5
6 – guard cells
Most plants bring in CO2 during the day, so they can photosynthesize. So when it is the daytime, the guard cells pump K+ into the central vacuole and the open the stoma for gas exchange.
If the leaf is photosynthesizing quite a bit (when the sun is out), it will photosynthesize much more the cellular respiration. This is why O2 exits the leaf – it is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
If you need tutored on this – just call Jake Caldwell 
Table 6

40. Look at the trichomes under the leaf
Look at the trichomes under the leaf. This helps prevent too much water loss from the plant.

41. This is a monocot leaf --

42. This is dicot leaf

43. Check out the cool stomata

44. Open and closed stoma.
You should know how they open / close!!!

45. Would you want to walk on this if you were an insect?
Choose wisely young grasshopper!!