1. GEOGRAPHY AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1
GEOGRAPHY AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

2. What is THE TASK of the HUMAN GeographER?
Spatial Analysis. What is it?
Analyze features of the Earth’s surface. Where/Why there/Why Care?
Look for distribution and pattern
2 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF GEOGRAPHY STUDY?
Physical Geography (Natural)
Human Geography (Cultural)
Distribution- the frequency or occurrence of something (must study distributions to notice a pattern)
Patterns- a consistent or characteristic arrangement
Once a geographer identifies a pattern they try to find the explanation
32. Our textbook focuses on the division of geographical study known as Human Geography. What is the other half of geographical study traditionally called?
a) environmental geography
b) spatial geography
c) physical geography
d) regional geography

3. 1. LOCATION 5 Themes of Geography Where is it?
Geographical position of people and things on the Earth’s surface (Where it is?)

4. 2. HUMAN / ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Human-environment interactions-how do different culture groups understand, use, and transform their environments? And how does environment influence human activity. (What do people do to the environment? What does the environment do for the people?)
How do you relate to your environment? How do you use land? How do you value it? How does land limit you? (Can’t grow food in mountains or desert)

5. 3. REGION Region= Space organized Why?
An area of the Earth’s surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.
Features tend to be concentrated in particular areas, which we often think of as regions. (What do locations have in common? Climate? Religion? Education? States? Territories? Boarders of a Nation?)

6. 1. Which of the following is true concerning regions?
a) they are figments of the imagination
b) they are conceptual units
c) they all have well defined boundaries
d) they are strict functional units
e) they are usually defined by a standard mathematical formula B

7. 4. PLACE
the special character and meaning of a location (What’s it’s like when you get there?)
Characteristics give it identify and meaning
In DC- location; What are characteristics of DC? How do these characteristics give meaning/identify of DC?

8. 5. MOVEMENT
Mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the place (people and ideas get around)
How do they move? Why?
How ideas spread? (Diffusion)

9. What’s missing
When National Geographic society created the 5 themes they did not include….. Landscape
The overall appearance of an area. Most landscapes are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influence

10. Main Tool of the Geographer?
MAP!
Map Making
History: Original study of map making… Cartography
Today: we use remote sensing, geographic information systems, global positioning systems… use aircraft, photography, satellites, environmental changes.
What is the greatest challenge to map making?
(Hint: Curves)
Why are maps valuable?
What is difference between remote sensing, GIS, and GPS?

11. Main Tool of the Geographer?
MAP
Maps demonstrate vital Geo. Rule:
No two places are exactly alike
Why are maps valuable?

12. Things to consider with Maps
Maps are created for different purposes
Maps have a focus & tell a story
Maps are timely / ever changing
How do we use maps? Thematic or Physical
Stories?
How maps change?

13. Change over time (Based on this image what made Chicago a trade hub in the 1800’s?

14. Change over time. What makes Chicago a trade hub today?

15. Story told? Focus? Weather report. Where is a hurricane about to hit?

16. What info is conveyed by this map? Election map 2012

17. “Unique” spin on maps MENTAL (Cognitive) MAP
Who knows what the State of IL looks like??? DRAW IT!!!!!
-Difference between map on paper and a map in mind? –
-Use? To navigate space? What is important to you?

18. Was your mental map accurate? Why? Why not?
What is the value of a mental map?

19. 2. Which of the following is false regarding cognitive (mental) maps?
They vary between people of different social and educational backgrounds
They enable people to navigate through space
No two cognitive (mental) maps look the same
They accurately reflect mapped hazards
They guide spatial behavior
3. A cognitive (mental) map tells us
which projection to use
what someone believes and thinks is important about a place
the absolute location of features in the landscape
everything that someone knows about the place they live
the precise location of the most important landmarks
D and B

20. Location is essential to understanding maps… WHY?
Location in Maps
Location is essential to understanding maps… WHY?
Location starts with WHERE
Maps can visually represent the characteristics of a location as well as the space/distance between one location and another

21. How do we break down LOCATION?
Absolute Location –exact address or location by longitude or latitude.
(Site)- The site is the actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area. Site factors include things like landforms (i.e. is the area protected by mountains or is there a natural harbor present?), climate, vegetation types, availability of water, soil quality, minerals, and even wildlife.
Vs.
Relative Location- position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places
(Situation)- Situation is defined as the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. Factors included in an area's situation include the accessibility of the location, the extent of a place's connections with another, and how close an area may be to raw materials if they are not located specifically on the site.
Chicago’s Site- On Lake Michigan and the river, rich soil.
Situation- As railroads spread all the way to the west coast in the late 1800’s, Chicago became a hub of trade because it was a midway point of sorts between the industrial factories of Chicago and the East Coast and western markets.

22. Which of the following best describes the SITE of Manhattan?
A regional transportation hub for the northeastern United States
A midway point along an urban corridor stretching from Boston to Washington, D.C
An island bordered by the Hudson River and East Rivers
An important center for the international trade and commerce
An urban center located two hours northeast of Philadelphia by bus

23. Why is “space” organized into REGIONS???
Organization
To group phenomena
Distinguish between regions
An area of the Earth’s surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon. Features tend to be concentrated in particular areas, which we often think of as regions.
(What do locations have in common? Climate? Religion? Education? States? Territories? Boarders of a Nation?)

24. Regions Based on…??? Physical > Mtn. Range, Land type
Cultural > language, religion
Imagination > In our minds
All regions have AREA & BOUNDARIES
Area- defined spatial extent
Boundaries- limits based on chosen criteria

25. Must make sense

26. 3 Region Classifications
FORMAL / UNIFORM
Based on similarity or uniform characteristics throughout region
TIBET
Plateau
Buddhism
homogeneous or uniform region, with clearly defined limits (Sahara desert, places where 90% of population speaks the same language)

28. REGION Classifications conT’d
2. FUNCTIONAL / NODAL
Product of interactions or movement of some kind
Social / Econ. Relationship ties it together
City & Suburbs
Commuting
Living v. Working
A region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it (Cities are an example, they are defined as cities based on what people do there)

30. REGION Classifications conT’d
3. PERCEPTUAL / VERNACULAR Exists in the minds of people
“DEEP South”
“Dixie”
“Gold Coast”
“Bible Belt”
A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity. For example, in the United States, “the South” are perceptual regions

32. Perceptual regions reflect
personal or popular impressions of territory and spatial divisions
are perceived through the application of defined spatial criteria
have boundaries of clearly visible, self-evident physical or cultural change
have meaning only in physical geography, which deals with perceivable objects A

33. 6. All of the following are formal regions except:
a city and its surrounding region
a region where nearly everyone spoke French
a region where farming practices were the same
a region of similar climate
7. Perceptual culture regions are:
sharply defined boundaries
different in exact definition from person to person
defined by using at least three criteria
found only on islands
A and B